Glycolysis Inhibition Regulates Endothelial Junctions by Perturbing Actin and Focal Adhesions

Abstract One of the central functions of the endothelium is to maintain a vascular barrier that prevents fluid leakiness and immune cell influx from the circulating blood into the tissue. The barrier integrity of the endothelium is largely controlled by adherens junctions (AJs) and the key AJ molecule VE-cadherin, which maintains cell cohesion via homotypic trans-interaction with VE-cadherin molecules on neighboring endothelial cells. Tension is required to maintain junction homeostasis, but little is known about the role of endothelial metabolism and bioenergetics in regulating junctional forces. Because glycolysis is the main source of ATP generation in endothelial cells, we examined the bioenergetic control of the mechanics of VE-cadherin junctions, by focusing on the glycolysis regulatory enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3). Results from traction force imbalance measurements and a VE-cadherin tension sensor revealed that inhibiting PFKFB3 significantly reduced the average junctional tension and the force on VE-cadherin complexes. The decrease in tension was largely due to mechanical changes distal from the cell-cell contacts. Specifically, inhibiting glycolysis perturbs focal adhesions and disrupts actin organization, directly impacting the net force on intercellular contacts. These findings identify a critical role of cellular metabolism for the mechanics and integrity of vascular endothelial junctions, by maintaining global cell mechanics. Statement of Significance This study examines how forces at intercellular junctions are bioenergetically regulated. Results reveal altered mechanical force generation and transmission due to the breakdown of stress-transmitting fibers during lung injury. These junctions control the barrier function of the vascular endothelium, which requires tight inter cellular adhesions to prevent fluid and macromolecules from passing through the endothelial barrier. We determined how the availability of ATP affects the tension between human endothelial cells, by regulating forces produced remotely from the junctions. These global changes alter both the force at the junctions themselves, and the force transmitted across the entire cell through actin fibers.