Parameterization of Mean Terminal Velocity of Hydrometeors in Convective Clouds

The relationships between mean terminal velocity and volume mean diameter of different hydrometeors, as well as how they change with different background aerosol concentrations have been investigated with numerical simulations of tropical deep convection from the Weather Forecast and Research Model (WRF), coupled with spectral bin microphysics. The results showed a positive correlation between either the mass-weighted mean terminal velocity (Vm) or the number-weighted mean terminal velocity (Vn) and the volume-mean diameter (Dv), with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.8. The number concentrations of both large and small hydrometeors increase with enhanced aerosol loading, resulting in increased Vm and decreased Vn. The parameterizations of Vm (Vn) were established under different aerosol conditions. The parameterized Vm (Vn) was then compared with default values used in the model when a fixed shape parameter (gamma distribution) was used in the bulk microphysics, which suggests smaller Vm and larger Vn values from the parameterizations. Moreover, the proposed parameterizations were further applied to the Morrison microphysical scheme for the simulation of a convective cloud. Changes in Vm and Vn as mentioned above directly affect the sedimentation of precipitating hydrometeors, such as raindrops, snow, and graupel, which lead to increased (decreased) mass (number) concentration of hydrometeors.