Molecular prevalence and associated infection risk factors of tick-borne protozoan and rickettsial blood pathogens in small ruminants

Abstract Background Tick-borne blood pathogens cause highly pathogenic diseases, which are associated with substantial economic losses in ruminants. Despite this, epidemiological research on these pathogens remains neglected in many countries. This study initiated a regional epidemiological survey that included the detection of molecular prevalence, associated risk factors, and gene sequencing, combined with phylogenetic analysis, targeting the two main tick-borne blood protozoan and rickettsial pathogens of Babesia, Theileria, and Anaplasma that infect small ruminants. One hundred blood samples were collected from 76 sheep and 24 goats. Results Microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood films revealed that 73% of the samples were infected with at least one species of the three blood pathogenic organisms. Molecular diagnosis based on the 18 S rRNA for Babesia and Theileria species and the major surface protein 4 (msp4) for Anaplasma species, revealed that 43% of the small ruminants were infected with at least one of these pathogens. The animal’s sex was the most significant associated risk factor, with 49.4% of female animals infected compared with only 4% of male animals ( P  < 0.05). The open breeding system recorded the highest infection rate for tick-borne blood pathogens. Homology-based and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the specific isolate species were Babesia ovis ( B. ovis ), Theileria ovis ( T. ovis ), and Anaplasma ovis ( A. ovis ), with sequences showing significant identities with isolates from sheep, goats, and other animal species, and geographically diverse countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe, in addition to Egypt. Conclusion This was the first molecular evidence of B. ovis, T. ovis , and A. ovis infections in sheep and goat populations in the North Coast region of Egypt. More extensive studies are required to develop an epidemiological map of blood pathogenic organisms, while more effective control strategies are required to reduce the burden of tick-borne pathogens on small ruminants.