Escherichia coli and their potential transmission of carbapenem and colistin-resistant genes in camels

Abstract Background Camels harbouring multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria are capable of transmitting various microorganisms to humans. This study aimed to determine the distribution of anti-microbial resistance among Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) isolated from the feces of apparently healthy camels in Egyptian abattoirs. Additionally, we sought to characterize Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strains, assess their virulence potential, and investigate the possibility of camels spreading carbapenem- and colistin-resistant E. coli . Methods 121 fecal swaps were collected from camels in different abattoirs in Egypt. Isolation and identification of E. coli were performed using conventional culture techniques and biochemical identification. All isolates obtained from the examined samples underwent genotyping through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the Shiga toxin-encoding genes ( Stx1 and Stx2 ), the carbapenemase-encoding genes ( bla KPC , bla OXA−48 , bla NDM , and bla VIM ), and the mcr genes for mcr-1 to mcr-5 . Result Bacteriological examination revealed 75 E. coli isolates. PCR results revealed that one strain (1.3%) tested positive for Stx1 , and five (6.6%) were positive for Stx2 . Among the total 75 strains of E. coli , the overall prevalence of carbapenemase-producing E. coli was 27, with 7 carrying bla OXA48 , 14 carrying bla NDM , and 6 carrying bla VIM . Notably, no strains were positive for bla KPC but a high prevalence rate of mcr genes were detected. mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, and mcr-4 genes were detected among 3, 2, 21, and 3 strains, respectively. Conclusion The results indicate that camels in Egypt may be a primary source of anti-microbial resistance (AMR) E. coli , which could potentially be transmitted directly to humans or through the food chain.