Unlocking the Antiparasitic Potential of Apiaceae: The Promise of Geraniol for Scabies Treatment

Abstract Sarcoptic mange, also referred to as scabies in humans, is a highly contagious skin condition caused by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei (Astigmata: Sarcoptinae). This parasitic disease significantly affects livestock production and poses a substantial threat to both animal and human health. The current treatment methods primarily involve synthetic acaricides like permethrin and ivermectin. However, these medications have several limitations, including a lack of ovicidal activity, concerns about toxicity, potential parasite resistance, residues in animal products, and environmental contamination, making them less than ideal. Volatile constituents derived from Apiaceae plants, especially essential oils, present a promising alternative. In this study, we have, first, reviewed all previously (until June 2024) reported volatile constituent from Apiaceae plants. Second, we carried out a comprehensive in silico-based investigations on the collected compounds to suggest a new potential antiparasitic or insecticidal agent derived from Apiaceae volatile oils. Geraniol, among other possible candidates, was found to be a potential acaricidal agent that might be used as a natural safe alternative. Furthermore, it showed a promising inhibitory activity against S. scabiei, both in vitro and in vivo. Geraniol demonstrated acaricidal activity, achieving a 100% mortality rate at high concentrations and significant effectiveness even at a lower concentration of 6.25%. In vivo studies on rabbits confirmed the efficacy of geraniol, showing complete clinical recovery, including the disappearance of scabies lesions and an improved skin health. Histopathological analysis indicated skin regeneration in the geraniol-treated group compared to the control group. These results suggest that geraniol could be a viable natural option for scabies treatment, likely due to its ability to disrupt mite nerve function by targeting acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Further research is necessary to determine the optimal formulation and delivery methods for geraniol-based treatments for scabies.