Nimbolide inhibits invasion and migration, and down‐regulates uPAR chemokine gene expression, in two breast cancer cell lines

AbstractObjectivesBreast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women, worldwide. Urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a serine protease that is involved in cancer progression, especially invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. Nimbolide is a potent cytotoxic limnoid isolated from Azadirachta indica. Our previous studies have shown that nimbolide elicits pleiotropic effects on breast cancer cells; however, its roles in invasion and migration have not previously been fully elucidated.Materials and methodsProtein expression of pEGFR, VEGFR, NFκB, IKKα, IKKβ, MMP‐2, MMP‐9 and TIMP‐2 were analysed by western blotting. We also analysed expressions of uPA, uPAR genes and chemokines by real‐time PCR. Breast cancer cell invasion was assessed by transwell invasion assay and cell migration analysed by scratch wound healing assay.ResultsOur results showed that reduced protein expression of pEGFR, VEGFR, NFκB, IKKα, β, MMP‐2, MMP‐9 and TIMP‐2 was higher in nimbolide‐treated breast cancer cells. mRNA expression of uPA, uPAR, chemokines and their receptors were also significantly reduced in response to nimbolide treatment. Nimbolide inhibited breast cancer cell migration and invasion as shown in transwell invasion and wound healing assays.ConclusionThese results clearly proved inhibitory effects of nimbolide on tumour cell invasion and migration by down‐regulating proteins critically involved in regulation of cell invasion and metastasis, suggesting a possible therapeutic role of nimbolide for breast cancer.