Assessment of Diclofenac Adsorption into Activated Sludge: Mechanism and Thermodynamic

This study aimed at understanding and characterizing the sorption process of Diclofenac (DCF) onto activated sludge under conditions similar to those of a conventional Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). Two experiments were performed: kinetics test, composed of six identical pairs of control/sample with the same DCF concentration stirred under constant rotation for different intervals; and an adsorption thermodynamics test with one pair of control samples and six duplicate samples with DCF concentrations from 5 - 100 mg L-1 stirred under constant rotation for the same period. DCF concentrations in the supernatant were measured in time spectrophotometrically at 282 nm. The adsorption of diclofenac onto the activated sludge reached its equilibrium after approximately 2 hours. The results showed that the process was best described by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models, which suggest that the adsorption of DCF onto the activated sludge is a non-favorable second order reaction with a monolayer coverage. The Temkin isotherm model suggests that the heat of adsorption of the DCF molecules in the layer decreases linearly as a result of the increased surface coverage and follows a chemisorption mechanism. The amount of DCF adsorbed onto the sludge particles varied between 17 and 44%, with the adsorption ratio of DCF per gram of sludge being considerably low (< 1 mg per g of sludge). This might be a result of the longer hydraulic retention times (HRT) adopted, considering that DCF may be toxic to the sludge microbiota, interfering with DCF removal from the supernatant. Thus, improving diclofenac removal by aerobic WWTP might require an adjustment of HRT to enhance sorption onto the sludge and reduce its impact on bacterial community.