Re-Emerging Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Small Ruminants, Water Sources and Soil

Background and Aim: Re-emerging Enterobacteriaceae are less commonly isolated or reported in various environments, animals, or humans. Methods: A total of 196 samples were collected, including small ruminants 168, water sources 19 and 9 soil samples from farms with small ruminants. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done using Hi-Profile Gram-Negative Discs. The zone of inhibition (mm) around each disc was measured using a 15cm meter rule and compared to established breakpoints (CLSI or EUCAST guidelines) to classify the bacterial isolate as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to each antimicrobial agent. The data were analyzed using Chi-square. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The overall prevalence was 88.8% (174/196). Re-emerging Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 11.2% (22/196) of the samples, with the highest prevalence found in animal samples (11.3%). Animal samples accounted for 85.7% (168/196) of the total, of which 88.7% (149/168) contained Enterobacteriaceae and 11.3% (19/168) contained re-emerging Enterobacteriaceae. Water and soil samples had lower representation, at 9.7% (19/196) and 4.6% (9/196), respectively, with similar prevalence rates of Enterobacteriaceae (89.5% and 88.9%) and Re-emerging Enterobacteriaceae (10.5% and 11.1%). The results showed that younger animals, and sheep, were more susceptible to Re-emerging Enterobacteriaceae. The Uda and Balami breeds showed higher prevalence rates of Re-emerging Enterobacteriaceae, while the Sahel and Yankasa breeds had significantly lower rates (χ2 =32,724. P< value=0.001). Conclusion: Thirteen Re-emerging Enterobacteriaceae species were identified, with Leminorella grimontii being the most common. The majority of isolates showed resistance to CTZ, AU, CEF, and TRX.