Surprisingly frequent chromosomal instability in cultivated peanut

SUMMARY This study, the third in a three‐part series, investigates whether chromosomal instability persists in cultivated peanut. The allotetraploid peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ; genome type AABB) originated from the hybridization and polyploidization of A. duranensis (AA) and A. ipaënsis (BB). Our first study established that this was an extremely narrow genetic origin, likely from a single hybridization event. This raised a paradox: how did such narrow genetics give rise to the phenotypic diversity seen in cultivated peanut? The second study addressed this, showing that a single neoallotetraploid spontaneously generates striking diversity, and that homoeologous exchanges—abundant in early generations following polyploidy—are a key mechanism in creating this diversity. In contrast to this early‐generation instability, cultivated peanut is generally considered to be genetically stable, presumably due to selection. This third study tests whether residual instability still occurs in modern peanut. From a single plant of the highly selfed ‘genome stock’ of the cultivar ‘Tifrunner’, we advanced lineages through seven generations in a pollinator‐free greenhouse. Among 233 plants, we identified three new large‐scale chromosomal instability events: a large deletion on chromosome B01, associated with reduced pod width and seed weight, and two ABBB compositions involving chromosomes A02/B02 and A05/B05. With these observations in hand, we reinterpreted previously published data from two recombinant inbred populations. Together, these results indicate that at least 1% of pure pedigree A. hypogaea plants exhibit spontaneous large‐scale chromosomal changes—a surprising frequency of instability that likely contributes to peanut's long‐term adaptability and evolution.