Metagenomic approach for improved culture of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The gut microbial community is essential for safeguarding the host against pathogens, modulating immune responses, and regulating metabolic activities. This review explores the gut microbiota dynamics in Litopenaeus vannamei (whiteleg shrimp), focusing on the methodologies used for analysis and the factors influencing microbial composition. Both traditional methods and advanced molecular tools, such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing, have significantly expanded our understanding of the diversity and functions of gut bacteria. Various environmental factors, dietary inputs, disease outbreaks, and geographical variations play crucial roles in shaping the shrimp’s gut microbiome. Beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Bacillus subtilis, are found in the gut, contributing to improved digestion, enhanced immunity, and gut homeostasis. On the other hand, pathogenic bacteria like Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, and Aeromonas hydrophila pose serious threats, causing diseases such as acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) and vibriosis, leading to significant economic losses in shrimp farming. Probiotics, particularly pond probiotics, have shown promise as alternatives to antibiotics, exhibiting antibacterial properties and promoting shrimp health. A comprehensive understanding of the gut microbiota in L. vannamei will aid in developing sustainable aquaculture practices aimed at enhancing shrimp health, preventing disease, and boosting productivity. This review consolidates the current status of metagenomics and the role of gut bacteria in shrimp health and their responses to critical pathogens affecting the shrimp aquaculture industry.