Effect of Hookah (water pipe) smoking on Anti-Mullerian Hormone levels

Abstract Purpose: Hookah (water pipe) smoking, an ancient method of tobacco smoking, is regaining widespread popularity all over the world. Although research in this field is still lacking, its harmful effect on human health through the increased risk of cardiovascular disease, infection, and cancer has been proven. Cigarette smoking has been found to have a detrimental effect on reproductive function. However, no data about the effect of hookah smoking on human fertility or reproductive outcomes are available. In this study, we aimed to determine if smoking hookah has a harmful effect on human ovarian reserve, anti-Mullerian hormone levels, and cycle regularity. Methods: A total of 100 healthy women within the 25-35 years age range undergoing laboratory investigations were randomly chosen to participate. After obtaining consent, they filled a questionnaire about smoking habits and menstrual data. Blood samples were withdrawn for anti-Mullerian hormone testing. The anti-Mullerian hormone levels of 50 women smoking hookah but not cigarettes were compared to 50 non-smoking women. Collected data were analyzed by analysis of variance and independent samples T-test. Results: There were no significant differences in mean anti-Mullerian hormone levels and cycle regularity between hookah smokers and non-smokers. Conclusion: Hookah smoking has no significant effect on anti-Mullerian hormone levels.