Urinary tract infections in newborns

The incidence of neonatal urinary tract infection (UTI) varies from 0.1 to 1% of all infants, and its frequency is inversely proportional to birth weight [1]. Neonatal UTI presents different features than those observed in other age groups for several reasons, including higher prevalence, male sex predominance, and most importantly higher risk of urosepsis [2]. As the symptoms of a UTI in a neonate, such as irritability, poor feeding and vomiting are generalized, the clinician should have a high index of suspicion. The best correlates of infection in infants with UTI were found to be a body temperature greater than 38o C and uncircumcised males [3]. Escherichia coli is the most likely pathogen, but Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Candida spp. and coagulase-negative staphylococci have  to be considered in nosocomial UTI as well [1-3]. A positive blood culture is reported in 12.4% of cases, and nosocomial UTI is nearly twice likely to result in urosepsis compared with community-acquired UTI [2]. Bladder puncture or transurethral catheter is recommended for urine sampling in neonates to avoid urinary contamination. Parenteral antibiotic regimen, including a combination of a third-generation cephalosporin or aminoglycoside with ampicillin for a total of 7-14 days should be commenced urgently in the suspicion of pyelonephritis following urine sampling for culture. Vancomycin and an aminoglycoside should be considered for nosocomial UTI. In the light of the results of sensitivity testing, a single-antibiotic coverage, if possible, should be considered [1-3]. The presence of high-grade reflux, severe urinary obstruction, and recurrent pyelonephritis mandates antibacterial prophylaxis, however its efficiency has not yet been proven [2]. Radiological studies have to be undertaken once a diagnosis of UTI has been made. An abnormal renal ultrasound is reported in around one third of cases, and vesicoureteral reflux is observed in nearly one fourth during voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). The urine should be sterile while performing a VCUG [2, 3]. Gram-negative antibiotic resistance is emerging worldwide and outbreaks have occurred in neonatal units due to multi-resistant gram-negative bacteria [4]. To overcome this problem in the case of a UTI, urine cultures should be appropriately obtained, and the treatment should be tailored based on sensitivity results; antibiotic prophylaxis should be spared to aforementioned high-risk groups, while emphasizing the importance of compliance; and pediatric-specific antibiograms should be used [5]. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and management of UTI in febrile infants aged less than 2 months are lacking, and urgently required [2].