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Obesity rise plateaus in developed nations and accelerates in developing nations

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Abstract Global reporting of obesity is commonly based on comparisons over multiple decades 1 and lacks a granular and systematic analysis of its dynamics. We used 4,050 population-based studies with measured height and weight data on 232 million participants to assess the worldwide dynamics of obesity from 1980 to 2024. The rise in obesity decelerated in school-aged children and adolescents throughout the 1990s in many high-income countries, and subsequently plateaued in most at age-standardized prevalences spanning 20 percentage points, from 3–4% for girls in Japan, Denmark and France to 23% for boys in the USA. There were indications of a small decline in obesity in children and adolescents in some high-income western countries (for example, Italy, Portugal and France) since the 2000s. Similar trends were seen in some countries in Central and Eastern Europe. In adults, the rise in obesity slowed down in high-income western countries about a decade after children, followed by a plateau or possibly a small reversal of the rise in some countries (for example, Spain). In most low-income and middle-income countries, the annual absolute change in prevalence has remained stable or increased over time, even though prevalence has surpassed that of high-income countries. These highly varied dynamics suggest that the social, economic and technological trends that influence the availability, affordability and use of different foods may have helped control the rise in obesity in high-income countries, but require policy interventions in low-income and middle-income countries.
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
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Arfan Ikram Carmen Iñiguez Violeta Iotova Maybelline Joy B. Ipil Vilma E. Irazola Takafumi Ishida Godsent C. Isiguzo Muhammad Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam Duygu Islek Ivaila Y. Ivanova-Pandourska Masanori Iwasaki Tuija Jääskeläinen Rod T. Jackson Jeremy M. Jacobs Michel Jadoul Tazeen H. Jafar Kenneth James Konrad Jamrozik Nataša Jan Anna Jansson Imre Janszky Edward Janus Juel Jarani Gerald Jarnig Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin Grazyna Jasienska Ana Jelaković Bojan Jelaković Garry Jennings A. M. Jibo Ramon O. Jimenez Karl-Heinz Jöckel Michel Joffres Jari J. Jokelainen Jost B. Jonas Lars Jøran Kjerpeseth Torben Jørgensen Rohina Joshi Josipa Josipović Farahnaz Joukar Pekka Jousilahti Jacek J. Jóźwiak Debra S. Judge Anne Juolevi Gregor Jurak Iulia Jurca Simina Vesna Juresa Rudolf Kaaks Niina E. Kaartinen Felix O. Kaducu Agnes L. Kadvan Anthony Kafatos Maria Kafyra Mónika Kaj Eero O. Kajantie Sree Ramakrishna Kakani Bernard Kakuhikire Natia Kakutia Daniela Kállayová Zhanna Kalmatayeva Natasa Kalpourtzi Ofra Kalter-Leibovici Yves Kameli Kodanda R. Kanala Srinivasan Kannan Efthymios Kapantais Anna Kapustina Eva Karaglani Line L. Kårhus Khem B. Karki Omat Karlsson Adoubi Kassi Anicet Philippe B. Katchunga Marzieh Katibeh Prasad Katulanda Joanne Katz Peter T. Katzmarzyk Jussi Kauhanen Prabhdeep Kaur Maryam Kavousi Gyulli M. Kazakbaeva François F. Kaze Benson M. Kazembe Calvin Ke Youzhi Ke Ulrich Keil Lital Keinan Boker Sirkka M. Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi Roya Kelishadi Cecily Kelleher Han C. G. Kemper Maryam Keramati Mathilde Kersting Bobby Kgosiemang Yousef Saleh Khader Kazem Khalagi Arsalan Khaledifar Davood Khalili Bahareh Kheiri Motahareh Kheradmand Irina V. Khorosheva Alireza Khosravi Farsani Ilse M. S. L. Khouw Saeed Khwaja Mir Islam Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer Stefan Kiechl Japhet Killewo Hyeon Chang Kim Jenny M. 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Lackner Jouni Lahti Daphne Lai Wai Kent Lai Youcef Laid Lachmie Lall Ecosse L. Lamoureux Maritza Landaeta Jimenez Edwige Landais Anne Langsted Tiina Lankila Vera Lanska Georg Lappas Bagher Larijani Mina P. Lateva Tint Swe Latt Martino Laurenzi María Lazo-Porras Gwenaëlle Le Coroller Khanh Le Nguyen Bao Agnès Le Port Tuyen D. Le Jeannette Lee Paul H. Lee Terho Lehtimäki Daniel Lemogoum David A. Leon Elvynna Leong Aitana Lertxundi Nerea Lertxundi Branimir Leskošek Justyna Leszczak Katja B. Leth-Møller Gabriel M. Leung Esko Levälahti Sergey P. Levushkin Yanping Li Merike Liivak Christa L. Lilly Charlie Lim Wei-Yen Lim Maria Fernanda Lima-Costa Yi-Jing Lin Lars Lind Vijaya Lingam Birgit Linkohr Allan Linneberg Jakob Linseisen Lauren Lissner Mieczyslaw Litwin Jing Liu Lijuan Liu Liping Liu Xiaotian Liu Yang Liu Sabrina Llop Wei-Cheng Lo Helle-Mai Loit Ayesha Lokubalasooriya Khuong Quynh Long Carla Lopes Luis Lopes Marcus V. V. Lopes Oscar Lopes Esther Lopez-Garcia José Francisco López-Gil Tania Lopez Paulo A. Lotufo José-Eugenio Lozano-Alonso Gabriel Lozano-Berges Janice L. Lukrafka Dalia Luksiene María Delia Luna Annamari Lundqvist Nuno Lunet Charles Lunogelo Michala Lustigová Edyta Łuszczki Jean-René M’Buyamba-Kabangu Guansheng Ma Jun Ma Xu Ma George L. L. Machado-Coelho Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues Enguerran Macia Luisa M. Macieira Ahmed A. Madar Sherilynn Madraisau Anja L. Madsen Gladys E. Maestre Stefania Maggi Dianna J. Magliano Emmanuella Magriplis Gowri Mahasampath Bernard Maire Marjeta Majer Marcia Makdisse Päivi Mäki Mohammad-Reza Malekpour Fatemeh Malekzadeh Reza Malekzadeh Rahul Malhotra Laurent Malisoux Sofia K. Malyutina Lynell V. Maniego Yannis Manios Jim I. Mann Satu Männistö Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei Taru Manyanga Enzo Manzato Mala Ali Mapatano Anie Marcil Francisco Mardones Paula Margozzini Joany Mariño Mihaela Marinović Glavić Anastasia Markaki Oonagh Markey Josko Markic Eliza Markidou Ioannidou Pedro Marques-Vidal Larissa Pruner Marques Jaume Marrugat Dries Martens Yves Martin-Prevel Rosemarie Martin Borja Martinez-Tellez Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno Reynaldo Martorell Eva Martos Fatai A. Maruf Katharina Maruszczak Stefano Marventano Giovanna Masala Luis P. Mascarenhas Mannix Masimango Imani Masoud Masinaei Ellisiv B. Mathiesen Prashant Mathur Alicia Matijasevich Piotr Matłosz Tandi E. Matsha Victor Matsudo Giletta Matteo Pallab K. Maulik Christina Mavrogianni Artur Mazur Camille M. Mba Shelly R. McFarlane Stephen T. McGarvey Keeley McGee Martin McKee Rachael M. McLean Scott B. McLean Breige A. McNulty Sounnia Mediene Benchekor Jurate Medzioniene Kirsten Mehlig Vrinda Mehra Amir Houshang Mehrparvar Jørgen Meisfjord Christine Meisinger Jesus D. Melgarejo Marina Melkumova Júlio B. Mello Sofia Mendes Fabián Méndez Carlos O. Mendivil Ana Maria B. Menezes Geetha R. Menon Gert B. M. Mensink Maria Teresa Menzano Indrapal I. Meshram Diane T. Meto Haakon E. Meyer Jie Mi Kim F. Michaelsen Nathalie Michels Kairit Mikkel Jelena P. Milešević Jody C. Miller Olga Milushkina Cláudia S. Minderico G. K. Mini Juan Francisco Miquel Mohammad Reza Mirjalili Daphne Mirkopoulou Parvin Mirmiran Masoud Mirzaei Marjeta Mišigoj-Duraković Antonio Mistretta Veronica Mocanu Ana Mocumbi Pietro A. Modesti Jobe Modou Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam Shukri F. Mohamed Kazem Mohammad Mohammad Reza Mohammadi Zahra Mohammadi Noushin Mohammadifard Viswanathan Mohan Sherina Mohd Sidik Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff Iraj Mohebbi Diego Moliner Urdiales Line T. Møllehave Niels C. Møller Dénes Molnár Amirabbas Momenan Charles K. Mondo Rafael Monge-Rojas Michele M. Monroy-Valle Roger A. Montenegro Mendoza Eric Monterrubio-Flores Kotsedi Daniel K. Monyeki Jin Soo Moon Mahmood Moosazadeh Hermine T. Mopa Farhad Moradpour Leila B. Moreira Alain Morejon Luis A. Moreno Francis Morey Karen Morgan Suzanne N. Morin Erik Lykke Mortensen George Moschonis Alireza Moslem Mildrey Mosquera Malgorzata Mossakowska Aya Mostafa Seyed-Ali Mostafavi Anabela Mota-Pinto Eugen Mota Jorge Mota Maria Mota Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh Jorge Motta Robert Moumakwa Marcos André Moura-dos-Santos Yeva Movsesyan Malay K. Mridha Kelias P. Msyamboza Alicia Mtijasevich Thet Thet Mu Magdalena Muc Florian Muca Boban Mugoša Maria L. Muiesan Martina Müller-Nurasyid Patricia B. Munroe Adrià Muntaner-Mas Thomas Münzel Molly M. Murphy Celine Murrin Jaakko Mursu Elaine M. Murtagh Kamarul Imran Musa Sanja Musić Milanović Vera Musil Geofrey Musinguzi Muel Telo M. C. Muyer Iraj Nabipour Gabriele Nagel Farid Najafi Harunobu Nakamura Hanna Nalecz Jana Námešná Ei Ei K. Nang Vinay B. Nangia Martin Nankap Sameer Narake K. M. Venkat Narayan Paola Nardone Take Naseri Tim Nawrot William A. Neal Nareemarn Neelapaichit Mayssam Nehme Azim Nejatizadeh Ilona Nenko Martin Neovius Flavio Nervi Olena Nesterova Dinesh Neupane Tze Pin Ng Chung T. Nguyen Nguyen D. Nguyen Quang Ngoc Nguyen Michael Y. Ni Rodica Nicolescu Peng Nie Ramfis E. Nieto-Martínez Yury P. Nikitin Guang Ning Toshiharu Ninomiya Nobuo Nishi Sania Nishtar Marianna Noale Oscar A. Noboa Helena Nogueira Maria Nordendahl Børge G. Nordestgaard Kevin I. Norton Davide Noto Natalia Nowak-Szczepanska Mohannad Al Nsour Irfan Nuhoğlu Eha Nurk Fred Nuwaha Moffat Nyirenda Terence W. O’Neill Dermot O’Reilly Galina Obreja Caleb Ochimana Angélica M. Ochoa-Avilés Eiji Oda Augustine N. Odili Kyungwon Oh Kumiko Ohara Claes Ohlsson Ryutaro Ohtsuka Örn Olafsson Brian Oldenburg Maria Teresa A. Olinto Isabel O. Oliveira Mohd Azahadi Omar Saeed M. Omar Altan Onat Sok King Ong N. Charlotte Onland-Moret Lariane M. Ono Obinna Onodugo Pedro Ordunez Rui Ornelas Francisco B. Ortega Ana P. Ortiz Pedro J. Ortiz Merete Osler Clive Osmond Sergej M. Ostojic Afshin Ostovar Johanna A. Otero Charlotte B. Ottendahl Akaninyene Otu Kim Overvad Ellis Owusu-Dabo Adetoyeje Y. Oyeyemi Adewale L. Oyeyemi Fred Michel Paccaud Cristina P. Padez Ioannis Pagkalos Marat Pahimov Elena Pahomova Karina Mary de Paiva Andrzej Pająk Natalja Pajula Alberto Palloni Luigi Palmieri Demosthenes Panagiotakos Songhomitra Panda-Jonas Arvind Pandey Zengchang Pang Francesco Panza Antonio Paoli Mariela Paoli Sousana K. Papadopoulou Dimitrios Papandreou Rossina G. Pareja Suvi Parikka Soon-Woo Park Suyeon Park Winsome R. Parnell Mahboubeh Parsaeian Ionela M. Pascanu Patrick Pasquet Chona F. Patalen Roengrudee Patanavanich Nikhil D. Patel Marcos Pattussi Halyna Pavlyshyn Raimund Pechlaner Ivan Pećin Dorthe C. Pedersen Mangesh S. Pednekar João M. Pedro Ana B. Peinado Sergio Viana Peixoto Markku Peltonen Guillem Pera Alexandre C. Pereira Marco A. Peres Napoleon Perez-Farinos Agustín Perez-Londoño Cynthia M. Pérez Markus Perola Valentina Peterkova Annette Peters Janina Petkeviciene Ausra Petrauskiene Olga Petrovna Kovtun Emanuela Pettenuzzo Niloofar Peykari Norbert Pfeiffer Son Thai Pham Felix P. Phiri Rafael N. Pichardo Preux Pierre-Marie Iris Pigeot Hynek Pikhart Aida Pilav Pavel Piler Lorenza Pilotto Francesco Pistelli Freda Pitakaka Aleksandra Piwonska Andreia N. Pizarro Pedro Plans-Rubió Alina G. Platonova Bee Koon Poh Hermann Pohlabeln Raluca M. Pop Barry M. Popkin Stevo R. Popovic Miquel Porta Georg Posch Anil Poudyal Dimitrios Poulimeneas Hamed Pouraram Farhad Pourfarzi Akram Pourshams Hossein Poustchi Dorairaj Prabhakaran Rajendra Pradeepa Andrew Prentice Alison J. Price Jacqueline F. Price Antonio Prista Rui Providencia Jardena J. Puder Iveta Pudule Soile Puhakka Maria Puiu Margus Punab Muhammed S. Qadir Radwan F. Qasrawi Qing Qiao Mostafa Qorbani Anna Quialheiro Hedley K. Quintana Pedro J. Quiroga-Padilla Tran Quoc Bao Stefan Rach Maria-Victoria Racu Ivana Radic Ricardas Radisauskas Salar Rahimikazerooni Mahfuzar Rahman Mahmudur Rahman Olli Raitakari Manu Raj Tamerlan Rajabov Sherali Rakhmatulloev Ivo Rakovac Sudha Ramachandra Rao Ambady Ramachandran Otim P. C. Ramadan Virgílio V. Ramires Manuel Ramirez-Zea Jacqueline Ramke Elisabete Ramos Rafel Ramos Lekhraj Rampal Sanjay Rampal Sheena E. Ramsay João F. L. B. Rangel Junior Lalka S. Rangelova Harish Ranjani Ravindra P. Rannan-Eliya João F. Raposo Patricia Rarau Vayia Rarra Ramon A. Rascon-Pacheco Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi Cassiano Ricardo Rech Cristina Recuero Carretero Josep Redon Valéria Regecová Jane D. P. Renner Judit A. Repasy Cézane P. Reuter Luis Revilla Andrew Reynolds Negar Rezaei Abbas Rezaianzadeh Yeunsook Rho Lourdes Ribas-Barba Robespierre Ribeiro Rogério T. Ribeiro Elio Riboli Fernando Rigo Attilio Rigotti Leanne M. Riley Natascia Rinaldo Tobias F. Rinke de Wit Ulf Risérus Ana I. Rito Raphael M. Ritti-Dias Juan A. Rivera Reina G. Roa Romana Roccaldo Daniela Rodrigues Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo Manuel A. Rodríguez-Pérez María del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez Laura A. Rodríguez-Villamizar Andrea Y. Rodríguez Ulla Roggenbuck Peter Rohloff Fabian Rohner Rosalba Rojas-Martinez Gemma Rojo-Martínez Nipa Rojroongwasinkul Almudena Rollán Gordo Dora Romaguera Elisabetta L. Romeo Gil B. Rosa Rafaela V. Rosario Annika Rosengren Ian Rouse Vanessa Rouzier Joel G. R. Roy Maira Ruano Estrada Maira H. Ruano Adolfo Rubinstein Frank J. Rühli Jean-Bernard Ruidavets Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt Maria Ruiz-Castell Emma Ruiz Moreno Iuliia A. Rusakova Wojciech Rusek Kenisha Russell Jonsson Paola Russo Petra Rust Marcin Rutkowski Katri Sääksjärvi Marge Saamel Crizian G. Saar Charumathi Sabanayagam Kalpana Sabapathy Hamideh Sabbaghi Shaun Sabico Harshpal S. Sachdev Alireza Sadjadi Ali Reza Safarpour Sare Safi Mohammad Hossien Saghi Olfa Saidi Calogero Saieva Satoko Sakata Nader Saki Sanja Šalaj Benoit Salanave Eduardo Salazar Martinez Akkumis Salkhanova Diego Salmerón Veikko Salomaa Jukka T. Salonen Massimo Salvetti Margarita Samoutian Jose Sánchez-Abanto Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado Mairena Sánchez-López Joaquin Sanchis-Moysi Sandjaja Susana Sans Loreto Santa-Marina Ethel Santacruz Lezcano Diana A. Santos Ina S. Santos Lèlita C. Santos Maria Paula Santos Osvaldo Santos Palmira Santos Rute Santos Tamara R. Santos Vonthanak Saphonn Jouko L. Saramies Luis B. Sardinha Nizal Sarrafzadegan Yoko Sato Kai-Uwe Saum Stefan Savin Savvas Savva Mathilde Savy Norie Sawada Mariana Sbaraini Marcia Scazufca Beatriz D. Schaan Angelika Schaffrath Rosario Herman Schargrodsky Karin Schindler Amand Floriaan Schmidt Börge Schmidt Carsten O. Schmidt Andrea Schneider Peter Schnohr Catherine Mary Schooling Ben Schöttker Sara Schramm Stine Schramm Helmut Schröder Constance Schultsz Gry Schultz Matthias B. Schulze Aletta E. Schutte Moslem Sedaghattalab Rusidah Selamat Abhijit Sen Idowu O. Senbanjo Sadaf G. Sepanlou Guillermo Sequera Luis Serra-Majem Jennifer Servais Ľudmila Ševčíková Ronel Sewpaul Svetlana A. Shalnova Teresa Shamah-Levy Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran Shubash Shander Coimbatore Subramaniam Shanthirani Maryam Sharafkhah Sanjib K. Sharma Almaz Sharman Jonathan E. Shaw Amaneh Shayanrad Ali Akbar Shayesteh Nurzhamal Sheisheeva Ching-Fen Shen Lela Shengelia Kenji Shibuya Hana Shimizu-Furusawa Tal Shimony Avi Shina Igor D. Shkrobanets Marat Shoranov Khairil Si-Ramlee Alfonso Siani Abla M. Sibai Labros S. Sidossis Mark J. Siedner Natalia Silitrari Antonio M. Silva Caroline Ramos de Moura Silva Diego Augusto Santos Silva Kelly Samara Silva Xueling Sim Mary Simon Judith Simons Leon A. Simons Ivan Simunovic Agneta Sjöberg Michael Sjöström Elena V. Skoblina Natalia A. Skoblina Tatyana Slazhnyova Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer Przemysław Slusarczyk Liam Smeeth Lee Smith Hung-Kwan So Fernanda Cunha Soares Grzegorz Sobek Eugène Sobngwi Morten Sodemann Stefan Söderberg Moesijanti Y. E. Soekatri Agustinus Soemantri Raquel Soler-Blasco Vincenzo Solfrizzi Yuliya V. Solovieva Mohammad Hossein Somi Emily Sonestedt Sajid Soofi Thorkild I. A. Sørensen Elin P. Sørgjerd Victoria E. Soto-Rojas Aïcha Soumaré Alfonso Sousa-Poza Mafalda Sousa-Uva Mam Sovatha Agnieszka Sozańska Bente Sparboe-Nilsen Karen Sparrenberger Vita Speckauskiene Phoebe R. Spencer Angela Spinelli Igor Spiroski Jan A. Staessen Aleksandra Stamenova Hanspeter Stamm Laura Stanciulescu Andreas Stang Kaspar Staub Bill Stavreski Jostein Steene-Johannessen Peter Stehle Aryeh D. Stein Silje Steinsbekk George S. Stergiou Jochanan Stessman Jutta Stieber Doris Stöckl Jakub Stokwiszewski Katarzyna Stoś Ekaterina Stoyanova Gareth Stratton Karien Stronks Maria Wany Strufaldi Lela Sturua Milton F. Suarez-Ortegón Phalakorn Suebsamran Mindy S. Sugiyama Machi Suka Gerhard Sulo Malin Sund Johan Sundström Yn-Tz Sung Jordi Sunyer Suparmi Unursaikhan Surenjav Paibul Suriyawongpaisal Kitti Susovits Nabil William G. Sweis Boyd A. Swinburn René Charles Sylva Unni Syversen Lucjan Szponar Yasuharu Tabara Lorraine Tabone E. Shyong Tai Konstantinos D. Tambalis Mari-Liis Tammesoo Abdonas Tamosiunas Eng Joo Tan Baimakhan Tanabayev Nikhil Tandon Xun Tang Maya Tanrygulyyeva Frank Tanser Yong Tao Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh Jakob Tarp Carolina B. Tarqui-Mamani Radka Taxová Braunerová Anne Taylor Félicité Tchibindat Saskia Te Velde William R. Tebar Fahimeh R. Tehrani Grethe S. Tell Tania Tello Masresha Tessema Lukas Teufl Yih Chung Tham K. R. Thankappan Holger Theobald Xenophon Theodoridis Sathish Thirunavukkarasu Nihal Thomas Barbara Thorand Amanda G. Thrift Ľubica Tichá Erik J. Timmermans Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini Anne Tjonneland Ervin Toçi Maryam Tohidi Hanna K. Tolonen Janne S. Tolstrup Maciej Tomaszewski Murat Topbas Roman Topór-Mądry Pere Torán-Monserrat Liv Elin Torheim Michael J. Tornaritis Maties Torrent Laura Torres-Collado Duarte Torres Silvia Torres Stefania Toselli Giota Touloumi Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues Pierre Traissac Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran Mark S. Tremblay Areti Triantafyllou Antonia Trichopoulou Oanh T. H. Trinh Justina Trišauskė Atul Trivedi Alexander C. Tsai Lechaba Tshepo Thomas Tsiampalis Maria Tsigga Panagiotis Tsintavis Shoichiro Tsugane John Tuitele Azaliia M. Tuliakova Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid Fikru Tullu Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen Jaakko Tuomilehto Maria L. Turley Gilad Twig Per Tynelius Evangelia Tzala Themistoklis Tzotzas Christophe Tzourio Nwannedimma Udoji Peter Ueda Eunice Ugel Flora A. M. Ukoli Hanno Ulmer Belgin Unal Zhamyila Usupova Hannu M. T. Uusitalo Nalan Uysal Sergio Valdes Gonzalo Valdivia Susana Vale Popov I. Valery Majid Valizadeh Damaskini Valvi Rob M. van Dam Bert-Jan van den Born Johan Van der Heyden Yvonne T. van der Schouw Koen Van Herck Wendy Van Lippevelde Hoang Van Minh Natasja M. Van Schoor Irene G. M. van Valkengoed Dirk Vanderschueren Diego Vanuzzo Anette Varbo Gregorio Varela-Moreiras Luz Nayibe Vargas Senthil K. Vasan Daniel G. Vasques Radu Vatasescu Tomas Vega Toomas Veidebaum Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez Biruta Velika Michel Velten Charlotte Verdot Maïté Verloigne Giovanni Veronesi W. M. Monique Verschuren Germán Vicente-Rodríguez Cesar G. Victora Josep Vidal-Conti Giovanni Viegi Lucie Viet Frøydis N. Vik Monica Vilar Salvador Villalpando Luis Villarroel Jesus Vioque Napaphan Viriyautsahakul Jyrki K. Virtanen Marjolein Visser Bharathi Viswanathan Chiranthika Vithana Mihaela Vladulescu Tiina Vlasoff Peter Vollenweider Henry Völzke Georgia Vourli Ari Voutilainen Martine Vrijheid Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte Silvije Vuletić Alisha N. Wade Wakenge Wakilongo Thomas Waldhör Janette Walton Elvis O. A. Wambiya Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud Rildo de Souza Wanderley Júnior Chongjian Wang Huijun Wang Ningli Wang Qian Wang Xiangjun Wang Ya Xing Wang Yi-Ren Wang S. Goya Wannamethee Nicholas Wareham Olivia Wartha Adelheid Weber Karen Webster-Kerr Niels Wedderkopp Daniel Weghuber Li Wei Wenbin Wei Aneta Weres Bo Werner Leo D. Westbury Peter H. Whincup Lars Wichstrøm Kremlin Wickramasinghe Kurt Widhalm Indah S. Widyahening Andrzej Więcek Nilmini Wijemunige Philipp S. Wild Rainford J. Wilks Johann Willeit Karin Willeit Peter Willeit Julianne Williams Tom Wilsgaard James P. Wirth Agnieszka Wiśniowska-Szurlej Bogdan Wojtyniak Meseret Woldeyohannes Kathrin Wolf Roy A. Wong-McClure Andrew Wong Emily B. Wong Jyh Eiin Wong Mark Woodward Agnieszka E. Woźniak Frederick C. Wu Hon-Yen Wu Jianfeng Wu Li Juan Wu Shouling Wu Justyna Wyszyńska Haiquan Xu Liang Xu Can Can Xue Nor Azwany Yaacob Uruwan Yamborisut Li Yan Lily D. Yan Weili Yan Ling Yang Xiaoguang Yang Yang Yang Nazan Yardim Chao-Yu Yeh Martha Yépez García Panayiotis K. Yiallouros Agneta Yngve Chandra Mandil Yogal Moein Yoosefi Akihiro Yoshihara Yoto Yotov Qi Sheng You Yu-Ling Yu Yunjiang Yu Safiah Md Yusof Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff Luciana Zaccagni Vassilis Zafiropulos Ahmad A. Zainuddin Farhad Zamani Sabina Zambon Antonis Zampelas Hana Zamrazilová Maria Elisa Zapata Tomasz Zatoński Ko Ko Zaw Ayman A. Zayed Tomasz Zdrojewski Magdalena Żegleń Kristyna Zejglicova Girum Zeleke Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic Yi Zeng Andrea Zentai Bing Zhang Luxia Zhang Zhen-Yu Zhang Dong Zhao Ming-Hui Zhao Wenhua Zhao Yanitsa V. Zhecheva Wei Zheng Bekbolat Zholdin Maigeng Zhou Dan Zhu Oleg F. Zhukov Sophia Zollner-Kiechl Paul Zimmet Marie Zins Emanuel Zitt Yanina Zocalo Julio Zuñiga Cisneros Monika Zuziak Majid Ezzati
Title: Obesity rise plateaus in developed nations and accelerates in developing nations
Description:
Abstract Global reporting of obesity is commonly based on comparisons over multiple decades 1 and lacks a granular and systematic analysis of its dynamics.
We used 4,050 population-based studies with measured height and weight data on 232 million participants to assess the worldwide dynamics of obesity from 1980 to 2024.
The rise in obesity decelerated in school-aged children and adolescents throughout the 1990s in many high-income countries, and subsequently plateaued in most at age-standardized prevalences spanning 20 percentage points, from 3–4% for girls in Japan, Denmark and France to 23% for boys in the USA.
There were indications of a small decline in obesity in children and adolescents in some high-income western countries (for example, Italy, Portugal and France) since the 2000s.
Similar trends were seen in some countries in Central and Eastern Europe.
In adults, the rise in obesity slowed down in high-income western countries about a decade after children, followed by a plateau or possibly a small reversal of the rise in some countries (for example, Spain).
In most low-income and middle-income countries, the annual absolute change in prevalence has remained stable or increased over time, even though prevalence has surpassed that of high-income countries.
These highly varied dynamics suggest that the social, economic and technological trends that influence the availability, affordability and use of different foods may have helped control the rise in obesity in high-income countries, but require policy interventions in low-income and middle-income countries.

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