Quantum Electrodynamics of Massive Bosons

Light can be thought of as either a stream of particles (photons) or as a wave. The former adheres to quantum mechanics rules, whereas the latter adheres to Maxwell's equations. To characterize the particle nature of these bosons, Maxwell's equations must be qualified. This is where formalism was created. Massive bosons have a diminishing magnetic field but a non-zero electric field in a given form. The Lorenz gauge condition is also ignored. The quantum nature of its energy and momentum densities is described by its mass. A boson's electric and magnetic fields are quantum fields that are determined by its mass.<br><br>Another picture indicates that the massive&nbsp;boson possesses non-zero electric and magnetic fields. The electromagnetic field of massive&nbsp;bosons is demonstrated to meet the Klein-Gordon equation. The momentum of the particle is revealed to be equal to the momentum of the wave associated with it. Bosons are proven to create three-dimensional transverse (Hall) conductivities. When a static magnetic field is applied to a 2-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) with a quantum Hall voltage, a non-zero quantum current is induced. The Hall effect may be used to compute boson mass.