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Abstract This paper covers the full range of core subjects tested in the FRCOphth Part 1 examination: optics, anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, genetics, investigations, and miscellaneous (biostatistics and evidence-based medicine). As well as ophthalmic subjects, this paper covers general physiology, general pathology, microbiology, biochemistry, and immunology. Several high-yield topics are covered. Ray diagrams are provided for the reflection of light by mirrors (convex and concave), Gullstrand’s schematic eye, and the reduced eye. An anatomical diagram displays the contents of the superior orbital fissure. The layers of the retina as seen on optical coherence tomography imaging are included, with a helpful mnemonic. Innervation and actions of the extraocular muscles are summarised in a table. The action potential is explained in a simple diagram. Histopathological slides displaying corneal dystrophies (lattice, macular, and granular) are included, with a helpful mnemonic. Electrodiagnostic tests are covered with useful figures. A flowchart for common statistical tests is provided.