Psychological Aspects of Islamists’ Radicalization and Deradicalization

The article deals with psychological aspects of the problem of radicalization and deradicalization of Islamists, with special attention paid to the situation with migrants. The problem is relevant in connection with the growing tension in the system of international relations, with the increasing probability of interfaith conflicts and terrorist threats, with the increasing number of migrants from Africa and the Middle East. The purpose of the study is to attract psychological and socio-psychological concepts for scientific understanding of the problem of radicalization, as well as for the development of methods of preventing violent and terrorist actions. The author proposes to consider radicalization both at the personal level and at the level of social interaction as a socially-determined phenomenon. At the personal level, social expectations, coping strategies as ways of coping with difficult life situations, as well as motivational factors and basic needs are considered. In accordance with A. Maslow’s pyramid of needs, radicalization at all levels is considered. The author presents ways to reorient needs using the methods of argumentation and negotiation. It is noted that the most difficult for deradicalization is the level related to the “idea”, ideology, meaning. When considering radicalization as a socially determined phenomenon, the question arises about social triggers of radicalization and about “induced” (or provoked) radicalization under conditions of hostile social and cultural environment, including alien value system and ethics. The author considers the “host community” as one of the triggers and even provoking factor of radicalization of immigrants and refugees. An analysis of ethnic (social) stereotypes and prejudices, as well as the concept of stigmatization is proposed. It is noted that stigmatization is based on negative stereotypes of perception of a person or social group, and identification of a person or group as deviant leads to prejudice and discrimination. The author concludes that from the point of view of social psychology, radicalization prevention work can include not only work with actual and potential Islamists, but also with the “receiving” society.