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Utilisation of Consciousness-Raising Tasks for Teaching English Articles: Pedagogical Implications

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Pakistani students have major problems with the accurate use of English articles, like most users of English as a second language. There are myriad pedagogical approaches for teaching grammar and articles, such as deductive and inductive methods. Earlier studies discussed at length the reasons learners face difficulty learning and using the correct articles; however, a research gap exists regarding effective pedagogical methods for learners in Pakistan. This quantitative study reported results on challenges in learning English articles based on the effectiveness of Consciousness-Raising Tasks (CRTs) that were applied to 68 BS English first-semester students at Government Girls Postgraduate College, Quetta. CRTs are pedagogical strategies through which the learner works out consciously specific features of language about particular linguistic properties. To assess students’ understanding and proficiency in grammar before and after implementing CRTs, a pre-test and post-test design was employed. The data was analysed using SPSS. The results emphasised the significant potential of CRTs as an effective pedagogical tool for teaching English grammar in Pakistan. It further highlights the requirement for language teachers to incorporate CRTs into their teaching approaches to enrich language learning outcomes. References Ahmed, M. (2017). Difficulties of article usage among Pakistani ESL learners. Journal of Education Research, 9(2), 101–112. Ahmed, S., & Khan, R. (2019). Challenges in teaching English articles to Pakistani undergraduates. Pakistan Journal of Language Teaching, 5(3), 12–25. Ahmed, Z. (2022, March 14). Grammar matters: How students struggle with English articles. Dawn Newspaper, Magazine Section. Amin, F., Rehman, S., & Qureshi, H. (2024). English Language Teaching in Multilingual Classrooms of Pakistan: Opportunities and Challenges. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 22–38. Bakri, A. (2023). First language interference in English article usage: Evidence from Arabic and Pashto speakers. Journal of Second Language Acquisition, 8(1), 77–93. Chan, A. Y. W. (2022). Typology and contexts of article errors: Investigation into the use of English articles by Hong Kong Cantonese ESL learners. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 60(2), 179–227. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2020-0030 Chen, L. (2011). Challenges in mastering English articles: A study of Mandarin speakers. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2(4), 789–795. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.2.4 Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education (8th ed.). Routledge. Ellis, R. (1993). The study of second language acquisition. Oxford University Press. Ellis, R. (2002). Grammar teaching—Practice or consciousness-raising? ELT Journal, 56(3), 235–243. Ellis, R. (2003). Task-based language learning and teaching. Oxford University Press. Ellis, R. (2006). Current issues in the teaching of grammar: An SLA perspective. TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 83–107. https://doi.org/10.2307/3588360 Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11 Fotos, S. (1994). Integrating grammar instruction into communicative language teaching: Analysis of the literature. In H. D. Brown & J. C. Richards (Eds.), Language learning and teaching: A comprehensive guide (pp. 123–145). Cambridge University Press. Idek, M. (2015). The effectiveness of consciousness-raising tasks in teaching the verb “be” in Malaysian vocational colleges. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 6(4), 789–798. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0604.06 Irfan, M., Saeed, F., & Zeeshan, M. (2023). Pakistani M.Phil. students' experiences and challenges in learning English articles. Pakistan Journal of Educational Research, 6(2), 45–59. Kaur, P., & Moghal, A. J. (2013). Women’s resources and power dynamics in Sikh families in Malaysia. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 77–92. Kaur, P., Au Yong, S. J., Lim, W. C., Zoferi, N. ‘A. N. B., & Jawaid, A. (2017). Adult day care provision in Kuching, Sarawak: Positive aging or social isolation? Journal of Borneo-Kalimantan, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.33736/jbk.632.2017 Kaur, P., Chai, N. F., & Jawaid, A. (2017). Recycling practices and perceptions among rural primary school children in SJK Chung Hua Asajaya, Samarahan, Sarawak. Journal of Borneo-Kalimantan, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.33736/jbk.624.2017 Kaur, P., Jawaid, A., Alvi, A. K., & Chishti, M. F. (2019). Problems faced by children with cancer in Sarawak, Malaysia. Opción: Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, (24), 668–689. Kaur, P., Jawaid, A., Nathaniel, A., Thomas, B., Zulfazid, M., & Kong, R. (2020). Overspending on online game app purchasing among university students in Sarawak, Malaysia. Ilkogretim Online – Elementary Education Online, 19(3), 2510–2519. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2020.03.735410 Kaur, P., Jawaid, A., Ulau Bilong, I., Phillipus, J., Wei, P. S., & Sangaran, S. (2023). TikTok users among university students in Sarawak, Malaysia. [Journal title, 50](7). https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.50.7.11 Krashen, S. (1985). The input hypothesis: Issues and implications. Longman. Miller, J. (2006). An investigation into the effect of English learners’ dictionaries on international students’ acquisition of the English article system. International Education Journal, 7(4), 435–445. Mirković, M., Sknepnek, A., Kalijadis, A., Krstić, A., Šuljagić, M., Perić, M., & Andjelković, L. (2025). Nanostructured Sr-doped hydroxyapatite: A material with antimicrobial potential. Nanomaterials, 15(21), 1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211651 Mohammed, M. H. (2018). Challenges of learning English as a foreign language (EFL) by non-native learners. International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 3(4), 1381–1400. Murphy, R. (2019). English grammar in use (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Raza, M., Jawaid, A., & Ahmad, I. (2018). Association of dialysis with quality-adjusted life years (QALY) in control group patients. Gomal University Journal of Research, 34(1), 62–69. Raza, M., Jawaid, A., & Haq, M. I. U. (2018). The effect of interventions on quality-adjusted life years (QALY) of dialysis patients. Gomal University Journal of Research, 34(2), 73–79. Rutherford, W., & Smith, J. (1985). Consciousness-raising tasks and language learning. Applied Linguistics, 6(2), 153–171. Schmidt, R. (1990). The role of consciousness in second language learning. Applied Linguistics, 11(2), 129–158. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/11.2.129 Siddiqui, A., & Khan, M. (2019). Language policy and English medium instruction in Pakistani higher education: A case study. Journal of Language and Education Policy, 12(2), 45–60. Somogyi, O. (2019). Effective grammar instruction: Addressing complexities in article usage among advanced learners. Language Teaching Research, 23(5), 567–580. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168818761234 Świątek, A. (2013). The use of English articles by Polish students: A corpus-based study. International Journal of English Linguistics, 4(2), 45–59. Tilahun, S., Simegn, B., & Emiru, Z. (2022). Using grammar consciousness-raising tasks to enhance students’ narrative tenses competence. Cogent Education, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2107471 Willis, D., & Willis, J. (2007). Doing task-based teaching. Oxford University Press. Wold, K. (2006). Grammar and language acquisition: A comprehensive review. Language Studies Press. Zeeshan, M. (2025). Mother tongue-based instruction in Pakistani print media: Implications for language policy and epistemic inclusion. International Journal of Applied Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12715
Title: Utilisation of Consciousness-Raising Tasks for Teaching English Articles: Pedagogical Implications
Description:
Pakistani students have major problems with the accurate use of English articles, like most users of English as a second language.
There are myriad pedagogical approaches for teaching grammar and articles, such as deductive and inductive methods.
Earlier studies discussed at length the reasons learners face difficulty learning and using the correct articles; however, a research gap exists regarding effective pedagogical methods for learners in Pakistan.
This quantitative study reported results on challenges in learning English articles based on the effectiveness of Consciousness-Raising Tasks (CRTs) that were applied to 68 BS English first-semester students at Government Girls Postgraduate College, Quetta.
CRTs are pedagogical strategies through which the learner works out consciously specific features of language about particular linguistic properties.
To assess students’ understanding and proficiency in grammar before and after implementing CRTs, a pre-test and post-test design was employed.
The data was analysed using SPSS.
The results emphasised the significant potential of CRTs as an effective pedagogical tool for teaching English grammar in Pakistan.
It further highlights the requirement for language teachers to incorporate CRTs into their teaching approaches to enrich language learning outcomes.
References Ahmed, M.
(2017).
Difficulties of article usage among Pakistani ESL learners.
Journal of Education Research, 9(2), 101–112.
Ahmed, S.
, & Khan, R.
(2019).
Challenges in teaching English articles to Pakistani undergraduates.
Pakistan Journal of Language Teaching, 5(3), 12–25.
Ahmed, Z.
(2022, March 14).
Grammar matters: How students struggle with English articles.
Dawn Newspaper, Magazine Section.
Amin, F.
, Rehman, S.
, & Qureshi, H.
(2024).
English Language Teaching in Multilingual Classrooms of Pakistan: Opportunities and Challenges.
International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 22–38.
Bakri, A.
(2023).
First language interference in English article usage: Evidence from Arabic and Pashto speakers.
Journal of Second Language Acquisition, 8(1), 77–93.
Chan, A.
Y.
W.
(2022).
Typology and contexts of article errors: Investigation into the use of English articles by Hong Kong Cantonese ESL learners.
International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 60(2), 179–227.
https://doi.
org/10.
1515/iral-2020-0030 Chen, L.
(2011).
Challenges in mastering English articles: A study of Mandarin speakers.
Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2(4), 789–795.
https://doi.
org/10.
4304/jltr.
2.
4 Cohen, L.
, Manion, L.
, & Morrison, K.
(2018).
Research methods in education (8th ed.
).
Routledge.
Ellis, R.
(1993).
The study of second language acquisition.
Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R.
(2002).
Grammar teaching—Practice or consciousness-raising? ELT Journal, 56(3), 235–243.
Ellis, R.
(2003).
Task-based language learning and teaching.
Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R.
(2006).
Current issues in the teaching of grammar: An SLA perspective.
TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 83–107.
https://doi.
org/10.
2307/3588360 Etikan, I.
, Musa, S.
A.
, & Alkassim, R.
S.
(2016).
Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling.
American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4.
https://doi.
org/10.
11648/j.
ajtas.
20160501.
11 Fotos, S.
(1994).
Integrating grammar instruction into communicative language teaching: Analysis of the literature.
In H.
D.
Brown & J.
C.
Richards (Eds.
), Language learning and teaching: A comprehensive guide (pp.
123–145).
Cambridge University Press.
Idek, M.
(2015).
The effectiveness of consciousness-raising tasks in teaching the verb “be” in Malaysian vocational colleges.
Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 6(4), 789–798.
https://doi.
org/10.
17507/jltr.
0604.
06 Irfan, M.
, Saeed, F.
, & Zeeshan, M.
(2023).
Pakistani M.
Phil.
students' experiences and challenges in learning English articles.
Pakistan Journal of Educational Research, 6(2), 45–59.
Kaur, P.
, & Moghal, A.
J.
(2013).
Women’s resources and power dynamics in Sikh families in Malaysia.
International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 77–92.
Kaur, P.
, Au Yong, S.
J.
, Lim, W.
C.
, Zoferi, N.
‘A.
N.
B.
, & Jawaid, A.
(2017).
Adult day care provision in Kuching, Sarawak: Positive aging or social isolation? Journal of Borneo-Kalimantan, 3(2).
https://doi.
org/10.
33736/jbk.
632.
2017 Kaur, P.
, Chai, N.
F.
, & Jawaid, A.
(2017).
Recycling practices and perceptions among rural primary school children in SJK Chung Hua Asajaya, Samarahan, Sarawak.
Journal of Borneo-Kalimantan, 3(2).
https://doi.
org/10.
33736/jbk.
624.
2017 Kaur, P.
, Jawaid, A.
, Alvi, A.
K.
, & Chishti, M.
F.
(2019).
Problems faced by children with cancer in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Opción: Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, (24), 668–689.
Kaur, P.
, Jawaid, A.
, Nathaniel, A.
, Thomas, B.
, Zulfazid, M.
, & Kong, R.
(2020).
Overspending on online game app purchasing among university students in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Ilkogretim Online – Elementary Education Online, 19(3), 2510–2519.
https://doi.
org/10.
17051/ilkonline.
2020.
03.
735410 Kaur, P.
, Jawaid, A.
, Ulau Bilong, I.
, Phillipus, J.
, Wei, P.
S.
, & Sangaran, S.
(2023).
TikTok users among university students in Sarawak, Malaysia.
[Journal title, 50](7).
https://doi.
org/10.
55463/issn.
1674-2974.
50.
7.
11 Krashen, S.
(1985).
The input hypothesis: Issues and implications.
Longman.
Miller, J.
(2006).
An investigation into the effect of English learners’ dictionaries on international students’ acquisition of the English article system.
International Education Journal, 7(4), 435–445.
Mirković, M.
, Sknepnek, A.
, Kalijadis, A.
, Krstić, A.
, Šuljagić, M.
, Perić, M.
, & Andjelković, L.
(2025).
Nanostructured Sr-doped hydroxyapatite: A material with antimicrobial potential.
Nanomaterials, 15(21), 1651.
https://doi.
org/10.
3390/nano15211651 Mohammed, M.
H.
(2018).
Challenges of learning English as a foreign language (EFL) by non-native learners.
International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 3(4), 1381–1400.
Murphy, R.
(2019).
English grammar in use (5th ed.
).
Cambridge University Press.
Raza, M.
, Jawaid, A.
, & Ahmad, I.
(2018).
Association of dialysis with quality-adjusted life years (QALY) in control group patients.
Gomal University Journal of Research, 34(1), 62–69.
Raza, M.
, Jawaid, A.
, & Haq, M.
I.
U.
(2018).
The effect of interventions on quality-adjusted life years (QALY) of dialysis patients.
Gomal University Journal of Research, 34(2), 73–79.
Rutherford, W.
, & Smith, J.
(1985).
Consciousness-raising tasks and language learning.
Applied Linguistics, 6(2), 153–171.
Schmidt, R.
(1990).
The role of consciousness in second language learning.
Applied Linguistics, 11(2), 129–158.
https://doi.
org/10.
1093/applin/11.
2.
129 Siddiqui, A.
, & Khan, M.
(2019).
Language policy and English medium instruction in Pakistani higher education: A case study.
Journal of Language and Education Policy, 12(2), 45–60.
Somogyi, O.
(2019).
Effective grammar instruction: Addressing complexities in article usage among advanced learners.
Language Teaching Research, 23(5), 567–580.
https://doi.
org/10.
1177/1362168818761234 Świątek, A.
(2013).
The use of English articles by Polish students: A corpus-based study.
International Journal of English Linguistics, 4(2), 45–59.
Tilahun, S.
, Simegn, B.
, & Emiru, Z.
(2022).
Using grammar consciousness-raising tasks to enhance students’ narrative tenses competence.
Cogent Education, 9(1).
https://doi.
org/10.
1080/2331186X.
2022.
2107471 Willis, D.
, & Willis, J.
(2007).
Doing task-based teaching.
Oxford University Press.
Wold, K.
(2006).
Grammar and language acquisition: A comprehensive review.
Language Studies Press.
Zeeshan, M.
(2025).
Mother tongue-based instruction in Pakistani print media: Implications for language policy and epistemic inclusion.
International Journal of Applied Linguistics.
https://doi.
org/10.
1111/ijal.
12715.

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