Coronaviruses Transmission, Frontliners, Nanotechnology and Economy

Coronaviruses are the viruses which cause different types of diseases in humans and animals. They belong to Coronaviridae family. Coronaviruses have unique shape which consists of spiked rings and sometimes to deal with them is a tough task. They are the tiny organisms which can only be seen under the microscopes. Even though the corona viruses exist in nature since decades, however the seriousness is only seen with the pandemic SARS-CoV II or COVID-19. It has taken so many lives away and the loss of various businesses. Keeping in view these situations, the authors and editors try to bring few of the important aspects together and compiled this book. The transmissions occur through different means and the vaccines are under production by various giant companies. Second chapter deals with animals as sources of transmitting agents to spread corona virus. Up to date the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recognizes 7 species of coronaviruses that infect humans, with the earliest known species identified in the mid-1960s. The known human coronaviruses are 229E (alpha coronavirus), NL63 (alpha coronavirus), OC43 (beta coronavirus), HKU1 (beta coronavirus), MERS-CoV (causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, MERS), SARS-CoV (causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS) and SARS-CoV-2 (causes the coronavirus disease also in 2019, also known as COVID-19). Third chapter dealt with risk assessment for front liners during COVID-19 pandemic and clearly explained about the risk assessment factors. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are on the frontline of treating patients infected with COVID-19. However, data related to its infection rate among HCWs are limited. Chapter 4 deals with the nanotechnology and its applications on viral diseases. Nanobiotechnology is science of nanoparticle synthesis by using biotechnological applications in biology, physics, engineering, drug delivery, diagnostics, and chemistry. The use of metal/ polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery systems has become extensive in last two decades. The commercialization of developed novel nanoparticles/drug loaded polymeric nanoparticles delivery systems are required to eradicate virus with improved safety measures in the humans with affordable cost. Chapter 5 mainly focused on the impact of COVID -19 on China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and India. The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic is an unprecedented shock to the Emerging economies. The evidence reported in various studies indicates that epidemic disease impacts on a country's economy through several channels, including the health, transportation, agricultural and tourism sectors. In the chapter 6, the authors discussed the psychological response, ranges from adaptive to maladaptive spectrum. We wish to express our gratitude to all the authors and contributors from Malaysia, Indonesia, and India for readily accepting our invitation and timely contributions without any delay. We greatly appreciate their commitment. We also thank Universiti Malaysia Sabah and Universitas Abdurrab for the great collaboration and collaborative efforts.