Epidemiological Investigation of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Bahrain

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary disease that affects small ruminants and impacts livestock production and trade. This study investigated the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of PPR in sheep, goats, camels, and wild ruminants in Bahrain. A total of 1240 sheep, 1224 goats, 100 camels, and 38 wild ruminants were tested using competitive ELISA. The individual seroprevalence rates were 26% in sheep and 25.5% in goats, with flock/herd-level prevalences of 22.7% and 29.6%, respectively. No antibodies were detected in camels or wild ruminants. The highest seroprevalence was observed in the Northern governorate. The identified risk factors included geographic location, age (<12 months for goats), sex (male for goats), and health status (weak animals). At the flock/herd level, large flock size and semi-intensive farming increased the likelihood of seropositivity. In addition, a 2023–2024 surveillance campaign tested 1044 young, locally born lambs and kids across all governorates. All animals were found to be negative for PPR according to a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, confirming the absence of antibodies and active virus circulation in the population. These findings support the classification of Bahrain at Progressive Control Pathway for PPR (PCP-PPR) Level 3 status and emphasize the importance of continued surveillance and regional cooperation to mitigate the spread of diseases.