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Energy sustainability of smart cities
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The increase in the energy consumption of cities forecasted for the coming years makes these urban areas tend to be representative of the energy sustainability of their countries. In this sense, on the basis of the analysis of the management model and technological development "Smart City", the objective of this Thesis is to study the scalability from buildings to country level of the reduction in the energy consumption and the increase of the photovoltaic self-consumption .
The contribution of this Thesis is based on its relevance in the process of energy transition towards a decarbonised economy, more specifically,in the study of the flexibilization of the functioning of the electrical system through the empowerment of the consumer. Thus ,through its six chapters ,this Thesis addresses broad research focused on identifying the relationship between energy sustainability and "Smart Cities", based on the study of active demand management and the evaluation of the technical-economic performance of buildings and cities with almost zero energy consumption.
Chapter 1 serves as a preface to the research of the Thesis describing the relationship between the study of climate change, energy sustainability and the energy transition under the "Smart City" concept. In Chapter 2,"Contribution of Cities to Transition and Energy Sustainability" presents an analysis of the relationship between both concepts. The main contribution of this chapter is the presentation of the hypothesis of the representativeness of the energy sustainability of cities in the energy sustainability of their countries.
In Chapter 3, "Electricity strategic conservation through Smart Meters and Demand Side Response: A review", the contribution of the consumer to the flexibilization of the operation of the electrical system is studied. Based on a systematic review of references ,this chapter analyzes the results of the empirical works on the reduction of electricity consumption in households through the feedback of energy information.
Chapter 4,"A model for an economic evaluation of energy systems using TRNSYS", contributes with the description and validation of the economic calculation methodology of a model proposed to evaluate "Nearly Zero Energy Buildings " and distributed generation systems. Continuing with this contribution, in Chapter 5 "Economic evaluation of Nearly Zero Energy Cities", the economic evaluation model is applied to a simulation model of the energy performance of the urban energy self consumption, performance which is based on the distribution of energy among consumers, prosumers and energy producers and the increase in the consumption of local renewable energy resources to the detriment of the consumption of external sources. Both of these two Chapters 4 and 5 were published in the scientific journal Applied Energy (Q1).
Finally,Chapter 6 presents the conclusions of the research, highlighting among them that to maintain the balance of the security of electricity supply,equity in access to energy and environmental sustainability of the city-country, the evaluation of energy sustainability should be addressed from the effectiveness of the electric systems of "Smart Cities".
The research covered in this Thesis opens the possibility of addressing the following three research works in the future. 1) Designing a methodology to assess the energy sustainability of cities, which links the evaluation of the effectiveness of "Smart Energy Systems" with the evaluation of local and national climate targets. 2) Expanding the application of the "Nearly Zero Energy City" model to convert its results into an indicator of the flexibility of urban electrical systems. And 3) evaluating other cities in the world with this model, and including electrical storage systems and urban wind generation .
El aumento del consumo energético de las ciudades previsto para los próximos años hace que estas urbes tiendan a ser representativas de la sostenibilidad energética de sus países. En este sentido, en base al análisis del modelo de gestión y desarrollo tecnológico para áreas urbanas "Smart City", el objetivo de esta Tesis es estudiar la escalabilidad desde edificios hasta el nivel de país, de la reducción del consumo energético y el aumento del autoconsumo fotovoltaico. La contribución de esta Tesis se basa en su relevancia en el proceso de transición energética hacia una economía descarbonizada. Específicamente, en el estudio de la flexibilización del funcionamiento del sistema eléctrico a través del empoderamiento del consumidor. Así, dividida en seis capítulos, esta Tesis aborda un amplio trabajo de investigación centrado en identificar la relación entre la sostenibilidad energética y las "Smart Cities", en base al estudio de la gestión activa de la demanda y la evaluación del desempeño técnico-económico de edificios y ciudades de consumo energético casi nulo. El Capítulo 1 sirve de prefacio a la investigación de la Tesis describiendo la relación entre el estudio del cambio climático, la sostenibilidad energética y la transición energética bajo el concepto "Smart City". En el capítulo 2, "Contribution of Cities to Transition and Energy Sustainability", se presenta el análisis de la relación entre ambos conceptos . La principal contribución de este capitulo es la presentación de la hipótesis de la representatividad de la sostenibilidad energética de las ciudades en la sostenibilidad energética de sus países. En el capítulo 3, "Electricity strategic conservation through Smart Meters and Demand Side Response: A review", se estudia la contribución del consumidor a la flexibilización de la operación del sistema eléctrico. Basado en una revisión sistemática de referencias, este capítulo analiza los resultados de los trabajos empíricos sobre la reducción del consumo eléctrico en los hogares a través de la retroalimentación de la información energética. El Capítulo 4, "A model for an economic evaluation of energysystems using TRNSYS", contribuye con la descripción y validación de la metodología de cálculo económico de un modelo propuesto para evaluar "Nearly Zero Energy Buildings" y sistemas de generación distribuida. Continuando con esta contribución, en el capítulo 5 "Economic evaluation of Nearly Zero Energy Cities", el modelo de evaluación económica es aplicado a un modelo de simulación del desempeño energético del autoconsumo energético de ciudades. Desempeño el cual, se basa en la distribución de energía entre consumidores, prosumidores y productores de energía, y el aumento del consumo de recursos energéticos renovables locales en detrimento del consumo de fuentes externas. Cada uno de estos dos capítulos 4 y 5, fue publicado en la revista científica Applied Energy (Q1). Finalmente, el capítulo 6 presenta las conclusiones de la investigación, destacando entre ellas que para mantener en equilibrio la seguridad del suministro eléctrico, la equidad en el acceso a la energía y la sostenibilidad ambiental del binomio entre ciudad y país, la evaluación de la sostenibilidad energética debe abordarse desde la efectividad de los sistemas eléctricos de las Smart Cities. La investigación cubierta en esta Tesis abre a la posibilidad de abordar los siguientes tres trabajos de investigación en el futuro. 1) Diseñar una metodología para evaluar la sostenibilidad energética de las ciudades que vincule la evaluación de la efectividad de "Smart Energy Systems" con la evaluación de objetivos climáticos locales y nacionales .2) Ampliar la aplicación del modelo "Nearly Zero Energy Cities" para convertir sus resultados en un indicador de la flexibilidad de los sistemas eléctricos urbanos. Y 3) evaluar con este modelo otras ciudades del mundo,
Title: Energy sustainability of smart cities
Description:
The increase in the energy consumption of cities forecasted for the coming years makes these urban areas tend to be representative of the energy sustainability of their countries.
In this sense, on the basis of the analysis of the management model and technological development "Smart City", the objective of this Thesis is to study the scalability from buildings to country level of the reduction in the energy consumption and the increase of the photovoltaic self-consumption .
The contribution of this Thesis is based on its relevance in the process of energy transition towards a decarbonised economy, more specifically,in the study of the flexibilization of the functioning of the electrical system through the empowerment of the consumer.
Thus ,through its six chapters ,this Thesis addresses broad research focused on identifying the relationship between energy sustainability and "Smart Cities", based on the study of active demand management and the evaluation of the technical-economic performance of buildings and cities with almost zero energy consumption.
Chapter 1 serves as a preface to the research of the Thesis describing the relationship between the study of climate change, energy sustainability and the energy transition under the "Smart City" concept.
In Chapter 2,"Contribution of Cities to Transition and Energy Sustainability" presents an analysis of the relationship between both concepts.
The main contribution of this chapter is the presentation of the hypothesis of the representativeness of the energy sustainability of cities in the energy sustainability of their countries.
In Chapter 3, "Electricity strategic conservation through Smart Meters and Demand Side Response: A review", the contribution of the consumer to the flexibilization of the operation of the electrical system is studied.
Based on a systematic review of references ,this chapter analyzes the results of the empirical works on the reduction of electricity consumption in households through the feedback of energy information.
Chapter 4,"A model for an economic evaluation of energy systems using TRNSYS", contributes with the description and validation of the economic calculation methodology of a model proposed to evaluate "Nearly Zero Energy Buildings " and distributed generation systems.
Continuing with this contribution, in Chapter 5 "Economic evaluation of Nearly Zero Energy Cities", the economic evaluation model is applied to a simulation model of the energy performance of the urban energy self consumption, performance which is based on the distribution of energy among consumers, prosumers and energy producers and the increase in the consumption of local renewable energy resources to the detriment of the consumption of external sources.
Both of these two Chapters 4 and 5 were published in the scientific journal Applied Energy (Q1).
Finally,Chapter 6 presents the conclusions of the research, highlighting among them that to maintain the balance of the security of electricity supply,equity in access to energy and environmental sustainability of the city-country, the evaluation of energy sustainability should be addressed from the effectiveness of the electric systems of "Smart Cities".
The research covered in this Thesis opens the possibility of addressing the following three research works in the future.
1) Designing a methodology to assess the energy sustainability of cities, which links the evaluation of the effectiveness of "Smart Energy Systems" with the evaluation of local and national climate targets.
2) Expanding the application of the "Nearly Zero Energy City" model to convert its results into an indicator of the flexibility of urban electrical systems.
And 3) evaluating other cities in the world with this model, and including electrical storage systems and urban wind generation .
El aumento del consumo energético de las ciudades previsto para los próximos años hace que estas urbes tiendan a ser representativas de la sostenibilidad energética de sus países.
En este sentido, en base al análisis del modelo de gestión y desarrollo tecnológico para áreas urbanas "Smart City", el objetivo de esta Tesis es estudiar la escalabilidad desde edificios hasta el nivel de país, de la reducción del consumo energético y el aumento del autoconsumo fotovoltaico.
La contribución de esta Tesis se basa en su relevancia en el proceso de transición energética hacia una economía descarbonizada.
Específicamente, en el estudio de la flexibilización del funcionamiento del sistema eléctrico a través del empoderamiento del consumidor.
Así, dividida en seis capítulos, esta Tesis aborda un amplio trabajo de investigación centrado en identificar la relación entre la sostenibilidad energética y las "Smart Cities", en base al estudio de la gestión activa de la demanda y la evaluación del desempeño técnico-económico de edificios y ciudades de consumo energético casi nulo.
El Capítulo 1 sirve de prefacio a la investigación de la Tesis describiendo la relación entre el estudio del cambio climático, la sostenibilidad energética y la transición energética bajo el concepto "Smart City".
En el capítulo 2, "Contribution of Cities to Transition and Energy Sustainability", se presenta el análisis de la relación entre ambos conceptos .
La principal contribución de este capitulo es la presentación de la hipótesis de la representatividad de la sostenibilidad energética de las ciudades en la sostenibilidad energética de sus países.
En el capítulo 3, "Electricity strategic conservation through Smart Meters and Demand Side Response: A review", se estudia la contribución del consumidor a la flexibilización de la operación del sistema eléctrico.
Basado en una revisión sistemática de referencias, este capítulo analiza los resultados de los trabajos empíricos sobre la reducción del consumo eléctrico en los hogares a través de la retroalimentación de la información energética.
El Capítulo 4, "A model for an economic evaluation of energysystems using TRNSYS", contribuye con la descripción y validación de la metodología de cálculo económico de un modelo propuesto para evaluar "Nearly Zero Energy Buildings" y sistemas de generación distribuida.
Continuando con esta contribución, en el capítulo 5 "Economic evaluation of Nearly Zero Energy Cities", el modelo de evaluación económica es aplicado a un modelo de simulación del desempeño energético del autoconsumo energético de ciudades.
Desempeño el cual, se basa en la distribución de energía entre consumidores, prosumidores y productores de energía, y el aumento del consumo de recursos energéticos renovables locales en detrimento del consumo de fuentes externas.
Cada uno de estos dos capítulos 4 y 5, fue publicado en la revista científica Applied Energy (Q1).
Finalmente, el capítulo 6 presenta las conclusiones de la investigación, destacando entre ellas que para mantener en equilibrio la seguridad del suministro eléctrico, la equidad en el acceso a la energía y la sostenibilidad ambiental del binomio entre ciudad y país, la evaluación de la sostenibilidad energética debe abordarse desde la efectividad de los sistemas eléctricos de las Smart Cities.
La investigación cubierta en esta Tesis abre a la posibilidad de abordar los siguientes tres trabajos de investigación en el futuro.
1) Diseñar una metodología para evaluar la sostenibilidad energética de las ciudades que vincule la evaluación de la efectividad de "Smart Energy Systems" con la evaluación de objetivos climáticos locales y nacionales .
2) Ampliar la aplicación del modelo "Nearly Zero Energy Cities" para convertir sus resultados en un indicador de la flexibilidad de los sistemas eléctricos urbanos.
Y 3) evaluar con este modelo otras ciudades del mundo,.
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