Geochemical characterization of Mediterranean Outflow Waters in the modern ocean: Nd isotopes, carbon cycle and new export constraints

The North Atlantic Ocean plays a critical role in the global circulation system, regulating the penetration of surface waters into the deep ocean, but also in key ocean biochemical cycles (e.g. carbon, oxygen, nutrients). Meridional heat and salt transport (i.e. buoyancy) drive the formation of different water masses and their circulation pathways. A relatively unknown but important element controlling the net meridional export of heat, salt and other chemical species into the North Atlantic is the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW): the salt injector. In this work, we present the first high resolution systematic study of traditional (T, S, Nutrients) and novel (Nd isotopes, alkalinity, pH) geochemical parameters of MOW waters from its source area at the Strait of Gibraltar up to the northern Iberian margin (Cantabric Sea). During the TRANSMOW cruise in spring 2021, over 500 seawater samples were collected along the main MOW pathway following its northward flow. A comprehensive suite of geochemical parameters including εNd, alkalinity, pH and preformed nutrients were analyzed for these samples. We show that MOW can be ‘traced’ unequivocally using εNd as a conservative tracer, a feature that opens a new set of possibilities to better estimate the contribution of MOW export to higher latitudes in the North Atlantic Ocean. Other parameters directly linked to the carbon cycle (alkalinity and pH) are also controlling the distinctive chemical properties of the Mediterranean waters.. One of the key advantages of these geochemical tracers is that they allow to better quantify export and mixing rates of MOW with North Atlantic waters. Using statistical tools such as the Optimum Multi-Parameter Analysis (OMPA) on an array of conservative tracers we have quantified mixing rates and exports between different water masses. These results will be fundamental to better constrain paleoreconstructions in the sedimentary record using different proxies such as Nd and B isotopes (for water mass distribution and pH), B/Ca ratios (for seawater carbonate ion saturation) and even new experimental proxies such as Na/Ca (for salinity).