Retinal biomarkers in vascular occlusion

Objective: To clarify the diagnostic and prognostic values of the biomarkers detected by multimodal imaging procedures as coloured fundus imaging, fluorescein angiography, near infra‐red imaging, fundus Autofluorescence, SD‐OCT, and OCT angiography to predict the prognosis and the response to therapy in retinal vascular occlusions (artery or vein).Recently, there has been an interest in determining the prognostic value of changes on optical coherence tomography (OCT) in retinal vein occlusion as it allows both quantitative and qualitative analysis of imaging biomarkers such as central retinal thickness, choroidal thickness, intraretinal hyper‐reflective foci (HRF), disorganization of the inner retinal layers (DRIL), external limiting membrane (ELM) disruption, ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption. Also classifying the intraretinal edema if sponge‐like or cystoid or serous retinal detachment (and detecting its height). Also signs of ischemia can be detected such as prominent middle limiting membrane (p‐MLM), paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM), as well as hyperreflectivity of the inner retinal layers (HIRL) which is commonly seen in cases of acute retinal artery occlusion. Internal limiting membrane detachment (ILMD) which is a novel biomarker that can be detected in some cases of acute CRAO.OCT Angiography has added more information about the assessment of microvascular alterations, especially vessel density in the deep retinal vascular plexus, the foveal avascular zone and of areas with no capillary perfusion. Biomarkers of ultra‐widefield angiography, such as peripheral ischemia (ischemic index) and neovascularization are essential for retinal laser treatment decision.Finally, FAF has been a very useful tool in monitoring the disease progression and response to treatment.The speaker will present examples of multimodal imaging of different retinal biomarkers in retinal vascular occlusion that help in predicting the prognosis.