The linear objects of transport infrastructure and the difficulties in their creation.

Every country’s economic development and political stability largely depends on the efficiency of its banking sector. The banking system is a key element of the financial sector that ensures the proper allocation of financial resources, the functioning of credit and payment systems, and economic stability in general. Therefore, the importance of banking regulation and supervision is undeniable for achieving a healthy financial environment. These mechanisms are essential for maintaining the stability of the financial system, protecting depositors’ interests, and ensuring the effective operation of commercial banks. Supervision is a process by which the state or a supervisory institution controls the activities of commercial banks and assesses their financial condition. Regulation, on the other hand, involves the creation of a legal framework and the establishment of requirements that banks must meet. Supervisory and regulatory mechanisms are based on international standards developed by institutions such as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund. In this paper, the importance of banking regulation and supervision, its goals and main principles, international standards, and the Georgian reality are discussed. The work emphasizes the need for effective regulation and the creation of a strong institutional framework to ensure the stable and efficient functioning of the banking system. This study also highlights the historical development of banking regulation, the international experiences of developed countries (particularly the United States), and how these practices are reflected in the Georgian banking sector. The paper describes the types of regulation, methods of supervision, and the role of central banks in this process. Additionally, the necessity of risk-based supervision and the adoption of new regulatory approaches are discussed. The Georgian banking system has undergone significant reforms over the past decades, which have helped it to become one of the most stable systems in the region. However, challenges still remain, especially regarding the integration of international standards and the strengthening of institutional capacities. Therefore, the importance of further reforms and the role of the National Bank of Georgia in the implementation of these reforms are emphasized. Banking supervision is an ongoing process, and the dynamic development of the financial sector, technological changes, and globalization demand continuous updates of regulations and their adaptation to modern realities. Special attention should be paid to risk management systems, capital adequacy, and liquidity, which are essential for ensuring the solvency and soundness of commercial banks. The practical part of the work analyzes the activities of specific commercial banks and assesses their compliance with supervisory requirements. Special attention is paid to capital adequacy ratios, asset quality, liquidity indicators, and profitability. Based on this analysis, specific recommendations are developed for improving the supervisory system. In conclusion, it is necessary to further develop the regulatory framework, increase transparency, and implement international best practices to ensure the stable and efficient functioning of the Georgian banking sector. The role of the National Bank of Georgia as a supervisory authority is of particular importance in this process. Keywords: Tunnel; construction; linear and local objects; tunnel construction; technologies; extraction of the tunnel.