Next Generation Bone Biomaterials: Integrating Magnesium Phosphate and Piezoelectricity for Enhanced Osteogenesis

The regeneration of bone tissue is one of the most important challenges in the orthopaedic reconstructive surgery because of the limitations of the traditional bone grafts.  Recent progress in bone heal over the last decade has highlighted the importance of bioactive and biodegradable biomaterials that have the capacity to actively induce osteogenesis due to their ability to replicate physicochemical and electrical characteristics of natural bone. In this context, biomaterials based on Magnesium phosphate (MgP) have received a considerable attention due to their excellent biocompatibility, fast setting capacity, controllable degradation, and osteogenic capability. Besides chemical stimulation, electrical stimulation is also important in natural bone remodelling because bone tissue is intrinsically piezoelectric. Therefore, Piezoelectric biomaterials become a promising approach to replicate the intrinsic electromechanical behaviour of bone. These substances produce electrical responses in response to mechanical stimulation to encourage osteoblast adhesion, growth, angiogenesis, and mineralization. The inclusion of these piezoelectric elements in magnesium phosphate matrices would offer a versatile platform to deliver synergistic ionic, structural as well as electrical signals to promote bone healing. Recent developments have centred on using piezoelectric materials with magnesium phosphate scaffolds in order to create multifunctional composite scaffolds which can synergistically impart ionic, structural, and electrical stimulation to stimulate bone regeneration. Recent advancements focus on combining magnesium phosphate matrices with piezoelectric materials to develop multifunctional composite scaffolds that synergistically provide ionic, structural, and electrical stimulation for enhanced bone regeneration. This review comprehensively discusses the different types of magnesium phosphate biomaterials and piezoelectric materials, their physicochemical properties, mechanisms underlying osteogenic stimulation, recent composite strategies, and current challenges toward clinical translation. The integration of MgP-based systems with piezoelectric materials considered as promising direction for next-generation smart scaffolds in bone tissue engineering.