CPEC and Environmental Sustainability in Balochistan: Assessing Development-Induced Ecological Risks and Policy Responses

China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a radical infrastructure and economic project that has far-reaching implications on the developmental pattern of Balochistan. This paper is a critical analysis of the ecological, social, and governance aspects of CPEC-led development in the province and more specifically on land-use change, environmental trade-offs, and institutional reactions. Using a mixed-methods design that combines spatial GIS analysis, secondary data obtained through Economic Survey of Pakistan and review of policy documents, the analysis shows that built-up areas were increasing by 31 per cent, but agricultural land was decreasing by 26 per cent in 2016-2023. At the same time, the environmental cost index increased by 45, notwithstanding the 34 percent growth in the employment opportunities. These findings imply that CPEC growth in Balochistan has been biased towards the short term economic interests at the long term ecological sustainability. Combined examination of ecological, economic and governance parameters reveals that there are three major forces of environmental degradation, which are insufficient institutional capacity, poor environmental protection, and absence of community involvement. Although CPEC has led to improved connectivity in the region and increased job opportunities, it is unsustainable environmentally until the systemic policy changes. The research suggests a holistic sustainability model encompassing institutional consolidation, integration of renewable energy and monitoring of the environment by the communities. The study finds that CPEC implementation can be adjusted to the principles of sustainable development by the means of Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs), green budgeting and participatory governance, which will turn the project into a prototype of low-carbon and inclusive development. The results can inform policy makers, planners and academic stakeholders who may want to balance economic development and ecological integrity in Balochistan.