Hemodynamics of Mitral Stenosis

Hemodynamic is the intravascular pressure and flow that circulate blood throughout the body. In both the venous and arterial compartments, variations in pressure and flow will necessarily affect each other. Flow and pressure within and between the arterial and venous compartments are influenced by hemodynamic on a beat-to-beat basis. Hemodynamic values that are treated in one compartment are dependent on the state of the other compartments. There are several curved proximal isovelocity surface areas as the streamlines of flow approach the stenotic orifice. A stenotic valve's spatial flow velocity profile depends on its anatomy, inlet geometry, and degree of flow acceleration. A patient with Mitral Stenosis (MS) experiences a pressure gradient from the left atrium to the left ventricle that propels the flow abruptly across the stenotic orifice. An arc-shaped flow profile is created, and the atrioventricular valve will therefore have a hemi elliptical velocity profile. At the level of narrowed stenotic orifices, high-velocity jets form in laminar flow when it reaches the vena contracta, the narrowest cross-sectional area downstream from the anatomic orifice, the flow profile in cross-section is relatively flat at the jet's origin and remains flat until the jet reaches the anatomic orifice. Distally from the stenotic region, the blood flow becomes disorganized with multiple velocities and directions. Stenotic mitral valves exhibit thickened leaflets with a reduced excursion. In this review, we will discuss the challenges and changes which occur in hemodynamic of MS.