Solanum xanthocarpum: Nature's Remedy for Healthy Periodontium- Unveiling the Therapeutic Potential against Chronic Periodontal Diseases

Solanum xanthocarpum, commonly known as yellow-fruit nightshade, is a noteworthy herb in the ayurvedic medicine belonging to the Solanaceae family. This perennial herb is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in India and Southeast Asia. The plant is characterized by its thorny stems, small purple flowers, and distinctive yellow berries. Traditionally, Solanum xanthocarpum has been used in the treatment of respiratory disorders, fever, and inflammatory conditions. Phytochemical studies reveal that the plant is rich in bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids, which contribute to its therapeutic properties with notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder, multifactorial in origin, and destroys the supporting periodontal apparatus by triggering the inflammatory cascade. Inflammation and the disruption of the equilibrium between oxidative stress and antioxidants play a pivotal role in the disease progression. This is mainly treated by mechanical debridement of the biofilm, local drug delivery of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents, and surgical management if deemed necessary. The inadvertent use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of resistance to drugs. Advances in research have validated the pharmacological properties of traditional medicine, whose properties outweigh the constraints of antibiotics. Thus, Solanum xanthocarpum could be one such plant whose derivatives could be used in the treatment of periodontitis. This review emphasizes the potential of Solanum xanthocarpum to be formulated and utilized in the prevention and management of periodontal diseases.