Comparative analysis of tick burden, diversity, and distribution in intensively managed wildlife estates with and without prescribed burning

The connection between ticks and zoonotic diseases in Zambia remains unclear due to limited data on tick distribution in private game reserves. This study examines tick control in three ex-situ game reserves across different agro-ecological regions, Lanagani game ranch in the Chibombo district, Chaminuka game ranch in the Lusaka district, and Choma game ranch in the Choma district. The current study evaluated the burden and diversity of ticks across three different management systems concerning the use of fire as a tick control and management tool. A descriptive cross-sectional study collected 267 ticks from 36 transects across three game ranches in Central, Lusaka, and Southern provinces. These ticks were morphologically identified using the existing taxonomic keys and Olympus DF Plapo 1×4 SN5G 08128 stereomicroscope at the University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, parasitology laboratory. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare means between categories and correlation coefficient to determine the strength of the relationship. The collected species included 11 Rhipicephalus species, n=6, (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus pulcherus, Rhipicephalus zambeziensis); Amblyomma species n=2, (Amblyomma variagatum, Amblyomma poposum), and Hyalomma species n=2 (Hyalomma Rufipes and Hyalomma truncatum). The most common species were R. evertsi (19.4 %), Amblyomma variagatum 14%, Hyalomma truncatum 11%. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) species diversity and burden were observed in the no-burn management system, whilst no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between late and early burning systems. These findings have unveiled, for the first time in Zambia, that employing fire as a management tool substantially reduces both tick diversity and burden in enclosed ex-situ conservancy areas. Regular prescribed burning, regardless of the burning regime, was found to remarkably reduce tick populations in game ranches, particularly in the early burning management system. These findings hold promising implications for ecological public health. Considering this, fire as a management tool effectively reduces tick diversity and burden in closed ex-situ conservancy areas. These findings have far-reaching policy implications when it comes to tick control systems that a government may wish to implement.