A REVIEW OF NEONATAL HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY A NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER

           Hypoxia is a condition characterized by a deficiency of oxygen in the body or a specific organ or tissue, leading to various physiological and pathological effects. HIE is particularly common in newborns, known as Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (NHIE). Intrapartum hypoxic events are a major contributor to neonatal mortality, accounting for approximately one in five neonatal deaths worldwide, with an estimated 717,000 deaths in recent decades. Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) is a leading cause of long-term neurological disability in neonates and adults due to inadequate blood and oxygen supply to the brain. Several factors like perinatal hypoxia, hemodynamics, poor perfusion rate, placental abnormalities, labour and multiple organ dysfunctions are included in the development of disorder. Understanding the underlying brain damage mechanisms is crucial for early detection and development of effective treatment strategies for high - risk patients. This review begins by discussing HIE, emphaisaising the broad array of other causes for neonatal encephalopathy, the epidemiology, neurologic presentations, diagnostics, and therapeutic strategies for HIE. Keywords: Hypoxia, Neonatal, Encephalopathy, Neurological ischemia