Trends in Urological Morbidity in Almaty: A 2015–2022 Analysis

In the era of modernization in everyday life, a person faces many risk factors, which often lead to the development of diseases of the genitourinary system. Urological diseases represent a significant global public health issue, affecting millions of individuals annually. These conditions range from urinary tract infections and kidney diseases to prostate disorders and malignancies. Studies indicate that urban populations, particularly in large metropolitan areas, exhibit distinct trends in urological morbidity due to environmental, lifestyle, and healthcare access factors. Almaty, as the largest city in Kazakhstan, serves as a crucial case study due to its diverse demographic composition and well-developed healthcare infrastructure. Despite the significance of urological diseases, comprehensive epidemiological studies on their prevalence in Almaty remain limited. This study aims to analyze trends in urological morbidity among the adult population of Almaty from 2015 to 2022, with a particular focus on age-and gender-specific differences. In addition, we examine the rise in renal failure cases, in contrast to the overall decline in urological morbidity, and explore potential contributing factors. The structure and dynamics of prevalence and incidence of urological diseases of urological diseases of the adult population of Almaty city for 2015–2022 were analyzed. The average levels of urological morbidity rates by sex, age categories, and nosology were calculated. Urological diseases of Almaty city rank second in the country after the North Kazakhstan region. The highest prevalence rate was in 2016 (6140.32 cases per 100,000 adult population), and the lowest was in 2022 (3307.45) with a decrease of 2832.87 cases. The average rate of increase (attrition) showed a decrease of −4.8% annually. The urological incidence rate in 2015 was 1325.74 per 100,000 adults, in 2022, 1195.94 per 100,000 adults, a decrease of 129.8 cases. A decrease was observed in almost all nosologies (the exception is renal failure), age categories, and gender. A decrease in prevalence (by 32.8%) and incidence of urological diseases (by 9.8%) of the adult population of Almaty city for 2015–2022 was revealed. It is more frequent in women than in men and in individuals aged 60 and older. Among urological diseases, renal tubulointerstitial diseases are leading in individuals 18–59 years old in both sexes. In individuals 60 and older, the first place is occupied by prostate diseases in men and renal tubulointerstitial diseases in women.