Space use of invertebrates in terrestrial habitats: phylogenetic, functional and environmental drivers of interspecific variations

ABSTRACT Aim We present the first global database of movement patterns of terrestrial invertebrates, focusing on active dispersal and foraging movements. We depict interspecific variations in movement distances among invertebrates, and assess potential drivers of these variations. Location Worldwide. Methods We conducted a meta-analysis using 174 studies from the scientific literature. They provided 401 movement estimates (163 of foraging and 238 of dispersal) from 216 species, 82 families and 22 orders, complemented by the following co-variables: body mass, diet, locomotion mode, tracking method and environmental variables (gross primary productivity and mean temperature of the warmest quarter of the year). We computed allometric relationships between movement distances and body mass both globally and separately for each taxonomic order with sufficient data. We tested the relative influence of the co-variables on movement distances through model selection. Results We reveal a general positive allometric relationship between movement distance and body mass that holds across most taxonomic orders. We evidence a strong phylogenetic signal in movement distances that translates in variable allometries of movement distances with body mass across taxonomic orders. We further find that interspecific variations of movement distances are primarily driven by functional differences rather than by environmental conditions. Locomotion mode appears to be the most important driver of both dispersal and foraging distances, with larger distances among flying individuals followed by walking and crawling ones for a given body mass. Trophic guild also significantly impacted movement distances with carnivores foraging further than herbivores and decomposers for most body sizes. We finally found little effect of the environmental variables tested. Main conclusions Our study provides general allometric equations for terrestrial movement distances of invertebrates. It further reveals important functional drivers of their interspecific variation in space use with a dominant role of their evolutionary history.