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Contributions to the determination of electromagnetic bias in Gnss-R altimetry
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In this Ph. D. dissertation the electromagnetic bias in GNSS-R (Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry) altimetry has been studied. GNSS-R altimetry is a new type of system that uses navigation signals as signals of opportunity for Earth observation. The electromagnetic bias has been a topic of research for several decades in conventional radar altimetry, typically at C and Ku bands, and pointing in the nadir direction, but it is a new subject in altimetry GNSS-R. Previous studies on the electromagnetic bias have been first reviewed: the Weakly Non-Linear theory (WNL), the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), and a combination of both models. After a brief study of both the WNL and the MTF, a combined method is selected, simulated and validated at Ku and C bands, and then extrapolated at L band, the band of the GNSS signals. Then, the EM bias is studied in the time domain and it is characterized using statistical descriptors. Finally, the impact of natural phenomena such as rain, waves and currents in the electromagnetic bias is calculated. In conclusion, this dissertation has demonstrated that the electromagnetic bias is not only a function of the wind speed (or waves), but also a function of both the incidence and azimuth angles. The study in the time domain has been shown that it exhibits a non-linear behavior. Moreover, heavy rains decrease the electromagnetic bias, as they damp the waves, while sea currents in the opposite direction of the wind speed increase the electromagnetic bias, because they increase the surface "roughness", while currents with the same direction of the wind, reduce it
En esta tesis doctoral se estudia el sesgo electromagnético en altimetría GNSS-R (Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry). La altimetría GNSS-R es un nuevo tipo de sistema que utiliza las señales de navegación como señales de oportunidad para la observación de la tierra. El sesgo electromagnético ha sido un tema de investigación durante varias décadas en altimetría radar convencional utilizando típicamente las bandas C y Ku, y apuntando en la dirección nadir, pero es un tema novedoso en altimetría GNSS-R. En primer lugar se revisan los estudios previos sobre el sesgo electromagnético: la Weakly Non-Linear theory (WNL), la Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), y modelos combinados de ambos. Después de un breve estudio tanto de la WNL como de la MTF, se selecciona un modelo combinado, se simula, y valida en las bandas C y Ku, y luego es extrapolado a la banda L, la banda de las señales de los GNSS. En segundo lugar, se estudia el sesgo electromagnético en el dominio del tiempo y es caracterizado utilizando descriptores estadísticos. Por último, se calcula el impacto de los fenómenos naturales como la lluvia, el oleaje y las corrientes en el sesgo electromagnético . En conclusión, esta tesis doctoral ha demostrado que el sesgo electromagnético no es sólo una función de la velocidad del viento (o del oleaje), sino que también es una función tanto del ángulo de incidencia, como del ángulo de acimut. El estudio en el dominio del tiempo ha demostrado que tiene un comportamiento no lineal. Por otra parte, las fuertes lluvias disminuyen el sesgo electromagnético, pues amortiguan las olas, mientras que las corrientes con dirección opuesta al viento aumentan el sesgo electromagnético, pues aumentan la "rugosidad" superficial, mientras que la corriente tiene la misma dirección de la velocidad del viento, lo reduce.
Title: Contributions to the determination of electromagnetic bias in Gnss-R altimetry
Description:
In this Ph.
D.
dissertation the electromagnetic bias in GNSS-R (Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry) altimetry has been studied.
GNSS-R altimetry is a new type of system that uses navigation signals as signals of opportunity for Earth observation.
The electromagnetic bias has been a topic of research for several decades in conventional radar altimetry, typically at C and Ku bands, and pointing in the nadir direction, but it is a new subject in altimetry GNSS-R.
Previous studies on the electromagnetic bias have been first reviewed: the Weakly Non-Linear theory (WNL), the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), and a combination of both models.
After a brief study of both the WNL and the MTF, a combined method is selected, simulated and validated at Ku and C bands, and then extrapolated at L band, the band of the GNSS signals.
Then, the EM bias is studied in the time domain and it is characterized using statistical descriptors.
Finally, the impact of natural phenomena such as rain, waves and currents in the electromagnetic bias is calculated.
In conclusion, this dissertation has demonstrated that the electromagnetic bias is not only a function of the wind speed (or waves), but also a function of both the incidence and azimuth angles.
The study in the time domain has been shown that it exhibits a non-linear behavior.
Moreover, heavy rains decrease the electromagnetic bias, as they damp the waves, while sea currents in the opposite direction of the wind speed increase the electromagnetic bias, because they increase the surface "roughness", while currents with the same direction of the wind, reduce it
En esta tesis doctoral se estudia el sesgo electromagnético en altimetría GNSS-R (Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry).
La altimetría GNSS-R es un nuevo tipo de sistema que utiliza las señales de navegación como señales de oportunidad para la observación de la tierra.
El sesgo electromagnético ha sido un tema de investigación durante varias décadas en altimetría radar convencional utilizando típicamente las bandas C y Ku, y apuntando en la dirección nadir, pero es un tema novedoso en altimetría GNSS-R.
En primer lugar se revisan los estudios previos sobre el sesgo electromagnético: la Weakly Non-Linear theory (WNL), la Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), y modelos combinados de ambos.
Después de un breve estudio tanto de la WNL como de la MTF, se selecciona un modelo combinado, se simula, y valida en las bandas C y Ku, y luego es extrapolado a la banda L, la banda de las señales de los GNSS.
En segundo lugar, se estudia el sesgo electromagnético en el dominio del tiempo y es caracterizado utilizando descriptores estadísticos.
Por último, se calcula el impacto de los fenómenos naturales como la lluvia, el oleaje y las corrientes en el sesgo electromagnético .
En conclusión, esta tesis doctoral ha demostrado que el sesgo electromagnético no es sólo una función de la velocidad del viento (o del oleaje), sino que también es una función tanto del ángulo de incidencia, como del ángulo de acimut.
El estudio en el dominio del tiempo ha demostrado que tiene un comportamiento no lineal.
Por otra parte, las fuertes lluvias disminuyen el sesgo electromagnético, pues amortiguan las olas, mientras que las corrientes con dirección opuesta al viento aumentan el sesgo electromagnético, pues aumentan la "rugosidad" superficial, mientras que la corriente tiene la misma dirección de la velocidad del viento, lo reduce.
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