Regulatory Genes in Plant Development: MADS

Abstract MADS‐box genes are found in all major groups of eukaryotes and encode known or putative transcription factors. MADS‐box genes have been phylogenetically defined as type I and type II genes. In plants, type II MADS‐domain proteins typically have the MADS, Intervening, K‐domain, C ‐terminal (MIKC) domain organization, with conserved MADS and K domains. Many of the plant type II MADS‐box genes have important regulatory functions in development, including the specification of flower organ identities, the control of flowering time, the regulation of meristem identity and the promotion of reproductive organ development. Recent studies have provided further insights into the regulation of MADS‐box genes and uncovered additional functions in controlling the development of various structures, such as embryo, endosperm, gametophyte and roots. In addition, protein physical interaction and genetic studies support the hypothesis that MADS‐box proteins form multimeric protein complexes that regulate specific target genes.