Quarks－A Rotating Charged Particles

Materials are made from atoms, which in turn comprise protons, neutrons, and electrons; protons and neutrons are made from quarks. However, electrons and quarks are believed to have no internal structure; the mechanism allowing them to have charge and mass is unclear. Herein, considering basic small-mass quarks, the masses of electron, u quark, d quark, π+ meson, πo meson with a four-particle structure, proton, and neutron were calculated using a new model; the calculated and actual measured values agreed with an accuracy of within ±5%. Subsequently, it was shown that quarks and leptons comprise basic small-mass quarks. Previously, no model was available for calculating the mass of quarks or electrons; calculation of the mass of hadrons was only possible using quantum chromodynamics (QCD). According to the quantum theory, matter comprises countable source substances;, a model for mass calculation can be created in which multiple basic small-mass quarks are integrated to form a new composite particle whose mass is given by simple algebraic calculations. Thus, it has become possible to consider all subatomic particles with the same model without using the complicated theory of conventional QCD; it has been shown that their masses can be easily calculated.