A thos, M ount

Abstract Mount Athos, or the “Holy Mountain,” refers to the Macedonian peninsula that has long been an important center of Eastern Orthodox monasticism. Named for the imposing mountain (over 6,600 ft) at its seaward end, Athos is known for its beautiful yet rugged terrain, which makes its monasteries accessible only by boat. The earliest Christian presence is difficult to establish, but some monastic activity is likely by the 4th or 5th century. By the 9th century, efforts were underway to organize monastic practice according to the rule of St. Basil. By this time Athonite monks were so respected that delegates were allowed to participate in official conciliar deliberations. From the 11th century onward, Athos enjoyed a great degree of political autonomy, governing itself through a council comprised of the heads of the 20 most prominent monasteries. In the 14th century, the monks appealed to Pope Innocent III to shield them from the harassment of Latin Crusaders following the capture of Constantinople; however, their allegiance returned to Constantinople once political stability was re‐established. During the same period, Mount Athos played a central role in the Hesychastic controversy, a conflict over doctrines and spiritual practices common among its monks.