Cancer Incidence Among Adults With HIV in a Population-Based Cohort in Korea

ImportanceIn combination with a decreased risk of AIDS-defining cancers and improved survival of people infected with HIV, the burden of non–AIDS-defining cancer has increased markedly. Although a substantial number of studies have measured the cancer risk among people with HIV in developed countries, little research has been conducted on the risk of cancer in HIV-infected people in Asia.ObjectiveTo examine the cancer incidence and the estimated risk of cancer among people in Korea infected with HIV compared with the general population.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study evaluated patients without cancer newly diagnosed with HIV from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2018, using a nationwide population-based claims database embedded in the National Health Insurance Service database. Data were analyzed between December 6, 2021, and February 28, 2022.ExposuresInfection with HIV.Main Outcomes and MeasuresCancer incidence and standardized incidence rate (SIR) through indirect standardization.ResultsA total of 11 552 individuals without cancer (10 444 male [90.4%]; mean [SD] age, 39.9 [11.2] years) diagnosed with HIV were identified. The SIR for all cancers was 1.68 (95% CI, 1.50-1.87) in men and 1.26 (95% CI, 0.89-1.64) in women. In men, the highest SIRs were for Kaposi sarcoma (SIR, 349.10; 95% CI, 196.10-502.20) and anal cancer (SIR, 104.20; 95% CI, 55.56-149.90). The incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR, 15.62; 95% CI, 11.85-19.39), Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR, 16.67; 95% CI, 4.32-29.02), and oropharyngeal cancer (SIR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.36-4.58) in men infected with HIV was higher than in the general population. In women infected with HIV, an increased incidence of cervical cancer (SIR, 4.98; 95% CI, 1.29-8.66) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (SIR, 11.78; 95% CI, 2.35-21.21) compared with the general population was observed. The SIR of thyroid cancer in patients with HIV was lower than in the general population in both men (SIR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.27-0.99) and women (SIR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.06-0.90).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, cancer risks, especially AIDS-defining cancer and virus-related cancer, were elevated in people with HIV. Efforts for cancer prevention, screening, and better accessibility to medical care in HIV-infected people are warranted.