Causes and Effective Methods of Diagnosing Intestinal Dysbiosis

Dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiota can arise from various exogenous and endogenous factors. It represents a disruption in the balance of microbial communities within the gut, leading to a reduction or disappearance of beneficial microbes and an increase in opportunistic pathogens. Given the dynamic nature of modern living conditions, clinicians must consider changes in microbiota composition during diagnostic and treatment procedures. Purpose: to analyze the causes and effective methods of diagnosing intestinal dysbiosis through a comprehensive review of the literature. Methods. A literature review of both domestic and foreign sources pertaining to the causes and effective diagnostic methods for intestinal dysbiosis was conducted. Publications were sourced from electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Search, and eLIBRARY, spanning the years 2008 to 2023. Results. . Public health is witnessing a significant rise in the prevalence of various noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) globally, such as asthma, food allergies, obesity, celiac disease, diabetes (type 1 and 2), inflammatory bowel disease, autism, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, and cancer. These conditions often coincide with alterations in the composition, frequency, and abundance of the normal human microbiota. The human microbiota plays a pivotal role in interactions with the environment, metabolism, and regulation of host organism development and physiology. Laboratory methods for diagnosing dysbiosis include both direct (isolation of live microbiota from material) and indirect (determination of microbial activity-related products such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), gas signaling molecules, and enzymes) approaches. These include stool biochemical tests, urine indole and skatole determination, respiratory tests (utilizing hydrogen 14C-glycocholate or 14C with D-xylose), gas-liquid chromatography of fecal or small intestinal fluid, and mass spectrometry. Conclusion. Accurate and effective diagnosis of dysbiosis across various biotopes can prioritize microbiome management, enhancing risk assessment, drug discovery and efficacy, prevention, and medical therapy. The optimization of microbiome treatment regimens requires further investigation, including potential adjustments based on life stage, sex, and genetic background of the host. This approach aims to advance sustainable healthcare practices. Keywords: microbiota, gut dysbiosis, methods for effective dysbiosis diagnosis, gas chromatography, metabolomics, metagenomics