Protective Effect of Solanum Macrocarpon Leaves Extracts on Adenine-Induced Acute Nephrotoxicity in Male Wistar Rat

Adenine causes damage to kidney structure and functions; thus, it affects its excretory functions and metabolism. Solanum macrocarpon is a vegetable commonly eaten in Nigeria. This study was designed to examine the potential anti-nephrotoxicity effects of Solanum macrocarpon leaves extract on adenine-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. A total of thirty (30) rats were obtained from the Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, and were divided into six (6) groups with five (5) animals in each group. The animals were fed with standard feed and drinking water, and treated as follows:, Group 1: distilled water, Group 2: 1000 mg/kg of Adenine only, Group 3: Adenine + 1050 mg/kg ethanol extract of Solanum macrocarpon, Group 4: Adenine + 1050 mg/kg diethyl ether extract of Solanum macrocarpon, Group 5: 1050mg/kg ethanol extract of Solanum macrocarpon and Group 6: 1050 mg/kg diethyl ether extract of Solanum macrocarpon. Biochemical parameters such as creatine, urea, uric acid, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, bicarbonate, and superoxide dismutase were determined in the plasma using a Spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using one–way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test, with P < 0.05 considered significant. The results indicated a significant increase (P ˂ 0.0) in SOD, creatinine, potassium, sodium, phosphorus urea and uric acid in the group treated with adenine alone, with a significant decrease of 33.3% in bicarbonate when compared with the control. Histopathological examination showed nephritis, through congestion, hypertrophied glomeruli, vacuolization of the endothelial cells lining the glomerular tuft, and interstitial nephritis by adenine treatment. The elevated creatine, SOD, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, urea and uric acid were significantly improved. In the groups treated with Solanum macrocarpon alcoholic extracts. In conclusion, Solanum macrocarpon extracts mitigated the nephrotoxicity caused by adenine.