PW-GAN: Pseudo-Warping Field Guided GAN for Unsupervised Denoising of Fetal Brain MRI Images

Abstract Fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging is of great importance for prenatal neural disorder diagnosis. To improve signal-to-noise ratio and coverage, fetal brain MRI often uses thick-slice scanning to reduce motion artifacts and ensure image quality for single slices. Reconstructing 3D MR volumes from multiple motion-corrupted stacks of 2D slices has shown promise in imaging of moving subjects like fetal MRI. However, raw scans acquired with varying slice thicknesses present substantial disparities in quality when retrospectively reconstructed into isotropic high-resolution volumes (e.g. 0.8 mm slice thickness). In particular, thick-slice acquisitions (e.g. 5-6 mm) tend to yield suboptimal reconstruction results compared to thin-slice scans (e.g. 2-3 mm), often exhibiting residual noise, interpolation-induced artifacts, and inter-slice structural discontinuities. This challenge has highlighted the need to further reduce noise caused by reconstruction errors when the reconstructed volumes are used for downstream tasks. With the success of neural networks in computer vision, deep learning methods based on architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and generative adversarial networks (GANs) have achieved outstanding performance in single-image denoising. Nevertheless, CNN-based methods still heavily rely on large-scale datasets comprising noisy-clean image pairs. Although unsupervised GAN variants such as CycleGAN have been developed to mitigate this dependency, the inherent variability of GAN-generated outputs often results in tiny anatomical distortions, significantly limiting the applicability of GAN-based methods. While several approaches have introduced regularizations to address this issue, they largely focus on denoising individual slices, overlooking inter-slice structural inconsistencies that arise from treating slices independently. In this work, we propose Pseudo-Warping Field Guided Unsupervised Generative Adversarial Network (PW-GAN), which formulates post-reconstruction optimization as an unpaired style transfer problem between low-quality and high-quality MRI domains. Moreover, by incorporating a pseudo-deformation field module based on optical flow estimation, our method significantly enhances inter-slice continuity in the reconstructed volumes while effectively suppressing residual noise and interpolation artifacts introduced during the reconstruction process. Evaluations on both simulated and in vivo data demonstrate that our method outperforms existing unsupervised models and achieves performance on par with several state-of-the-art supervised methods.