DNA isolation, in silico characterization of LALBA, BLG, and LYZ genes in Halari donkey milk somatic cells

Background: The Halari donkey, an indigenous breed from Gujarat's Saurashtra region, India, is classified as endangered by the IUCN due to a sharp population decline. Donkey milk is recognized for its hypoallergenic and cosmeceutical properties, with a composition resembling human milk. Donkey milk has garnered significant attention from the scientific community. This study examined the molecular characteristics of three important milk protein genes, namely alpha-lactalbumin (LALBA), beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), and lysozyme (LYZ), using PCR from genomic DNA extracted from somatic cells present in Halari donkey milk and subsequent sequence analysis. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis and protein-protein interaction mapping were conducted to compare these proteins with their counterparts in other species. Results: PCR amplification and sequence analysis confirmed the presence of these genes in Halari donkey milk. Phylogenetic analysis revealed an evolutionary relationship between the Halari donkey milk proteins and other mammalian milk proteins, including cattle and humans. Protein-protein interaction networks demonstrated conserved network hub structures in donkey and human milk, associated with milk composition, nutritional and immune functions. Conclusions: The gene amplification and characterization of the Halari donkey milk proteins, namely alpha-lactalbumin (LALBA), beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), and lysozyme (LYZ) underscore their potential nutritional and therapeutic value. The similarities with human milk proteins suggest donkey milk's suitability as a supplement or functional food, warranting further investigation.