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Superconductors
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AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Principles2.1.Electrical Resistance and Thermal Conductivity2.2.Behavior in Magnetic Fields2.3.Critical Current2.4.Energy Gap and Thermodynamic Properties2.5.Josephson Effects2.6.Theoretical Descriptions3.Classes of Superconductors3.1.Classical Superconductors3.2.Exotic Superconductors3.3.High‐Temperature Superconductors4.Electronic Applications of Superconductivity4.1.Superconductivity Effects Important for Electronic Applications4.1.1.Pure Inductances4.1.2.Small High‐Frequency Losses4.1.3.Energy‐Gap Effects4.1.4.Quantum Interference Effects4.2.Josephson Junctions, Tunnel Junctions, and Weak Links4.2.1.Junction Types and Their Significance4.2.2.Josephson Circuits, Digital Circuits, Digital Signal Processing, and Voltage Standards4.2.3.SQUIDs4.2.4.SQUIDs and Biomagnetism4.3.Applications of HT Superconductors4.3.1.Materials and Techniques for HT‐Superconducting Electronics4.3.2.Operating Temperatures of HT‐Superconducting Electronics4.3.3.Passive Components Based on HT Superconductors4.3.4.HT‐Superconductor Radiation Detectors4.3.5.Nonlinear HT‐Superconductor Components4.3.6.HT‐Superconductor SQUIDs4.4.Refrigerators for Cryoelectronics5.Application of Superconductivity in Magnet and Power Engineering5.1.Introduction5.2.Industrial Superconductors5.2.1.Metallic Superconductors5.2.2.Oxide‐Ceramic Superconductors5.3.Potential Superconductivity for Improvements in Conventional Electrical Devices5.3.1.Superconducting Magnets for High‐Energy Physics5.3.2.Magnetic Separation and Purification5.3.3.Superconducting Levitation for High‐Speed Transportation Systems5.3.4.Generators and Motors with Superconducting Windings5.3.5.Superconducting Transformers5.3.6.Superconducting Power‐Transmission Cables5.4.Novel Electrical Devices for Which Superconductors Are Indispensable5.4.1.Magnets for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Spectroscopy5.4.2.Magnet Systems for Magnetic‐Confinement Fusion Reactors5.4.3.Magnetohydrodynamic Energy Conversion5.4.4.Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)5.4.5.Superconducting Current Limiters6.Organic Superconductors6.1.Introduction6.2.Electronic Structure and Superconductivity6.3.Other Features of 1‐D Superconductors6.4.Prospects for HigherTcand Applications
Title: Superconductors
Description:
AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.
Introduction2.
Principles2.
1.
Electrical Resistance and Thermal Conductivity2.
2.
Behavior in Magnetic Fields2.
3.
Critical Current2.
4.
Energy Gap and Thermodynamic Properties2.
5.
Josephson Effects2.
6.
Theoretical Descriptions3.
Classes of Superconductors3.
1.
Classical Superconductors3.
2.
Exotic Superconductors3.
3.
High‐Temperature Superconductors4.
Electronic Applications of Superconductivity4.
1.
Superconductivity Effects Important for Electronic Applications4.
1.
1.
Pure Inductances4.
1.
2.
Small High‐Frequency Losses4.
1.
3.
Energy‐Gap Effects4.
1.
4.
Quantum Interference Effects4.
2.
Josephson Junctions, Tunnel Junctions, and Weak Links4.
2.
1.
Junction Types and Their Significance4.
2.
2.
Josephson Circuits, Digital Circuits, Digital Signal Processing, and Voltage Standards4.
2.
3.
SQUIDs4.
2.
4.
SQUIDs and Biomagnetism4.
3.
Applications of HT Superconductors4.
3.
1.
Materials and Techniques for HT‐Superconducting Electronics4.
3.
2.
Operating Temperatures of HT‐Superconducting Electronics4.
3.
3.
Passive Components Based on HT Superconductors4.
3.
4.
HT‐Superconductor Radiation Detectors4.
3.
5.
Nonlinear HT‐Superconductor Components4.
3.
6.
HT‐Superconductor SQUIDs4.
4.
Refrigerators for Cryoelectronics5.
Application of Superconductivity in Magnet and Power Engineering5.
1.
Introduction5.
2.
Industrial Superconductors5.
2.
1.
Metallic Superconductors5.
2.
2.
Oxide‐Ceramic Superconductors5.
3.
Potential Superconductivity for Improvements in Conventional Electrical Devices5.
3.
1.
Superconducting Magnets for High‐Energy Physics5.
3.
2.
Magnetic Separation and Purification5.
3.
3.
Superconducting Levitation for High‐Speed Transportation Systems5.
3.
4.
Generators and Motors with Superconducting Windings5.
3.
5.
Superconducting Transformers5.
3.
6.
Superconducting Power‐Transmission Cables5.
4.
Novel Electrical Devices for Which Superconductors Are Indispensable5.
4.
1.
Magnets for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Spectroscopy5.
4.
2.
Magnet Systems for Magnetic‐Confinement Fusion Reactors5.
4.
3.
Magnetohydrodynamic Energy Conversion5.
4.
4.
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)5.
4.
5.
Superconducting Current Limiters6.
Organic Superconductors6.
1.
Introduction6.
2.
Electronic Structure and Superconductivity6.
3.
Other Features of 1‐D Superconductors6.
4.
Prospects for HigherTcand Applications.
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