A novel multiple access communication protocol for LoRa networks without LoraWAN

Current <span>studies predict there will be approximately 75 billion internet of things (IoT) devices connected to the internet by 2025. Such enormous IoT networks will require efficient communications systems to support those networks running well. We consider one of the emerging communications technologies that is widely used for wireless wide-area network, i.e., long range (LoRa). By default, LoRa wide area networking (LoRaWAN) has been equipped with a medium access control (MAC) protocol, however, several studies showed that LoRaWAN might not be the most excellent choice for certain applications of low-power wide area network, for example, peer-to-peer and mesh networks. In this work, we propose an application layer LoRa multi-communication (LMC) protocol to resolve multiple access problems in LoRa networks without employing LoRaWAN. The algorithm was embedded and tested on energy-constraint devices as building blocks of most IoT systems. Our examination in a controlled environment showed that the proposed algorithm achieved 94% averaged packet reception ratio (PRR) and 33.3 hours longer averaged battery lifetime compared to the default operation (without LMC algorithm) of LoRa networks. The proposed algorithm also introduced longer averaged time on air (ToA) compared to the default LoRa network mainly due to its best-effort service scenario applied to the proposed algorithm.</span>