Status of cryptosporidiosis in cattle raised by marginalized nomadic communities of Southern Punjab, Pakistan: an observational study

Introduction Cryptosporidium ( C .) is one of the most important causes of gastrointestinal disorders in various animal species, leading to significant economic losses in the dairy sector. The parasite has also significant zoonotic relevance, with well-documented cross-transmission between animals and humans. However, data on the status of cryptosporidiosis in scattered nomadic populations is scarce. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of cryptosporidiosis in cattle raised by socioeconomically deprived nomadic communities in an important agro-ecological zone (Multan) of South Punjab, Pakistan. Methods Fecal samples ( n = 184) were collected from cattle belonging to nomadic communities of study area. Samples were analyzed for the detection of C. parvum copro-antigen using commercially available species-specific ELISA kits (IDEXX, USA; sensitivity 98%, specificity 94%). Data on potential risk factors were collected using a pre-designed questionnaire and analyzed using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results Data showed that overall prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in target cattle population was 13.59% ( n = 25/184; 95% CI: 9.03%-19.21%). Bivariate analysis revealed significant association ( p < 0.05) of cryptosporidiosis with age, health status, history of gastrointestinal problems, physiological status of females, herd size, drinking water source, history of deworming and routine vaccination, and contact with other susceptible animals. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age ≤ 1 year (OR = 7.53), contact with susceptible animals (OR = 7.79), small herd size (1–5 heads; OR = 0.21), and history of routine vaccination (OR = 0.17) as significant predictors of cryptosporidiosis. Conclusion Findings of this study concluded that C. parvum is prevalent in cattle raised by nomadic communities in the study area. Targeted animal health action plans should be developed to control infectious zoonotic diseases, including cryptosporidiosis, by considering nomadic populations as an integral segment of society. The frequent movement of nomads and their animals may facilitate disease transmission across regions. Awareness campaigns are recommended to prevent and control diseases of veterinary public health importance.