Multianalytical Characterization of Unique Copper Model Tools from Dark Age of Ancient Egyptian History

The article focused on the multi analytical characterization of unique copper model tools date back to the dynasty Xth, 1st intermediate period (c.2134-2050). The studied set consists of twenty-five objects that were excavated in the tomb of KHENNU AND APA-EM-SA-F (289) in the south of Memphis, Saqqara. Different microscopes were used to examine the morphology and stratigraphy of the corrosion product layers. Stereomicroscope was used to examine the corrosion phases on the surface objects. Metallographic microscopy was used to investigate the microstructure of the metal core as well as the morphology and stratigraphy of the corrosion product layers. Scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray analysis was used to identify the elemental composition of the objects. X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the corrosion phases formed on surface’s artifacts, while raman spectroscopy was carried out to identify the internal corrosion layers. The results revealed that that burial environment and long–term storage in an uncontrolled environment together caused a progressive stage of corrosion of the studied artifacts. The formed corrosion layers consists of the external layer, an under surface layer and internal corrosion products in the center of the cross-sectios. The surface and internal corrosion products were identified as Cuprite, Paratacamite, Nantokite, Atacamite, Malachite and Chalconatronite. Also, the results revealed that the metallic core consists of copper metal without any further alloying elements. Finally, the study presented suitable treatment and conservation strategies of these unique artifacts or such cases, and shows a safe fixing procedure using a sewing technique via transparent inert threads to display the set objects.