Analysis of the radiological dose and hazards assessment around swampy agricultural soil in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

The present study analyzes radiological dose and hazard around the swampy agricultural soil in Keffi Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, using determined activity concentration (AC) of 238U, 232Th and 40K obtained from swampy agricultural soil samples, systematically collected from Ten (10) sampled points. Samples collected were further analyzed using a sodium iodide detector for activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K. The average AC of 238U, 232Th and 40K were 26.73±4.64, 9.77±2.57 and 1115.52 ±67.43 Bq/kg, respectively. The gamma absorbed dose rate (Dabs) ranges from 6.37E-01 to 2.33E+01 nGy/hr with a mean value of 6.10E+00 nGy/hr. The annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) ranges from 8.12E-03 to 2.97E-01 mSv/yr with an estimated mean value of 7.77E-02 mSv/yr. The annual gonadal dose equivalent ranges from 4.48E-02 to 1.72E+01 mSv/yr with a mean value of 4.49E-01 mSv/yr. The calculated radium equivalent activity ranges from 1.44E+01 to 4.49E+02 Bq/kg with a mean value of 1.18E+02 Bq/kg, which falls below the recommended standard value of 3.7E+02 Bq/kg. The external and internal hazard index ranges from 3.89E-02 to 1.21E+00 mSv/yr with a mean value of 3.20E-01 mSv/yr, and 3.90E-02 to 1.41E+00 mSv/yr with a mean value of 3.70E-01 mSv/yr. The gamma hazard index ranges from 5.24E-02 to 1.84E+00 mSv/yr with a mean value of 4.83E-01 mSv/yr. The activity utilization index ranges from 8.65E-02 to 1.34E+00 mSv/yr with a mean value of 3.82E-01 mSv/yr, excess life cancer risk (ELCR) for both adult and child was found to be 1.94E-01 and 2.72E-01, respectively, higher than the recommended world average value of 0.29E-03. The high value of ELCR implies that residents around the study area have a high chance of developing cancer over a lifetime. Hence periodic radiological dose and hazard analysis is recommended to keep the exposure as low as reasonably achievable.