Remnant Lipoproteins from Patients with Sudden Cardiac Death Enhance Coronary Vasospastic Activity Through Upregulation of Rho-Kinase

Objective— Sudden cardiac death (SCD) still remains a serious problem. We have previously shown that remnant-like particles (RLP) are the major risk factor for SCD and that Rho-kinase plays a central role in the molecular mechanism of coronary vasospasm. In this study, we examined whether RLP from patients with SCD upregulate Rho-kinase associated with an enhanced coronary vasospastic activity. Methods and Results— We isolated RLP and non-RLP in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) fraction from SCD patients without coronary stenosis. We performed in vivo study in which we treated the coronary artery with RLP or non-RLP fraction at the adventitia in pigs. After 1 week, intracoronary serotonin caused marked coronary hyperconstriction at the segment treated with RLP fraction but not with non-RLP fraction ( P <0.001, n=6), and hydroxyfasudil, a selective Rho-kinase inhibitor, dose-dependently inhibited the spasm in vivo. In organ chamber experiments, serotonin caused hypercontraction of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from RLP-treated segment, which was significantly inhibited by hydroxyfasudil ( P <0.001, n=6). In cultured human coronary VSMC, the treatment with RLP significantly enhanced the expression and activity of Rho-kinase ( P <0.05, n=6). Conclusions— These results indicate that RLP from SCD patients upregulate Rho-kinase in coronary VSMC and markedly enhance coronary vasospastic activity.