Prediction of spinal deformity in scoliosis from geometric torsion

The shape of a curved line that passes through thoracic and lumbar vertebrae is often used to study spinal deformity with -measurements in "auxiliary" planes that are not truly three-dimensional (3D). Here we propose a new index, the geometric torsion, which could uniquely describe the spinal deformity. In this study we assessed whether geometric torsion could be effectively used, to predict spinal deformity with the aid of multiple linear regression. Anatomical landmarks were obtained from multi-view radiographic reconstruction and used to generate 3D model of the spine and rib cage of 28 patients. Fourier series best fitted to the vertebral centroids approximated the spinal shape. For each patient, spinal deformity indices were computed. Torsion was calculated and 20 derived parameters were recorded. Torsion inputs were used in a multiple linear regression model for prediction of key spinal indices. The primary clinical Cobb angle (mainly thoracic) was predicted well, with r=0.89 using all 20 inputs of torsion or r=0.83 using just two. Torsion was also well related to the Orientation of plane of maximal deformity (r=0.87). Torsion was less accurate but still significant in predicting maximal vertebral axial rotation (r=0.77). This preliminary study showed promising results for the use of geometric torsion as an alternative 3D index of spinal deformity.