Reliability of phytoliths for reconstructing vegetation dynamics in northeast China

<p>  Phytolith provides a new preconstruction and interpretation of palaeovegetation in either forest or grassland regions. In particular, the phytolith reliability records in both vegetation types should be assessed when they are employed on palaeovegetation reconstruction in north temperate region. Yet this issue has not been clearly investigated. Being two vegetation types (including forest and grassland) in northeast China (NE China) where it is an integrated physical geography unit, they provide some crucial references regarding the phytolith reliability. Thus, we firstly focused the study site of NE China to collect 108 topsoil samples from five dominant community types in forest region and 154 topsoil samples from four dominant community types in grassland region, respectively, to their phytolith assemblages. This study was to establish the reference databases of modern soil phytolith to demonstrate their record reliability. These phytolith data thus better serve palaeovegetation reconstruction in sedimentary sequences using their corresponding vegetation types in two selected regions.</p><p>    Analytical results showed that topsoil phytolith assemblages and their phytolith indices (Iw, Ic and W/G) varied substantially with different vegetation types in NE China; phytolith indices were also variations aligned with vegetation compositions. These finding suggest that phytolith is a reliable proxy using reconstructing palaeovegetation.</p><p>  The palaeovegetation reconstruction based on these phytolith reference databases indicated that NE China had experienced substantial vegetation changes since the late-glacial period. Community types in forest region may have experienced a succession sequence from the open Larix mixed forest to the open woodland, then turning to the closed broadleaf forest, and finally to the closed Pinus koraiensis mixed forest. In particular, we found that vegetation types in grassland region was dominated by a flourish C3 grass steppe since late-glacial period, with a total coverage higher than 50%. The coverage of C3 grass and C4 grass were higher than 25% and 16%, respectively.</p><p>  The palaeovegetation interpretation using these phytolith reference databases since the late-glacial period were consistent with that reconstructed using pollen assemblages in the same stratigraphic profile, confirming the phytolith reliability for reconstructing vegetation type and community type in the NE China. Phytolith record analysis also provided some detailed vegetation information such as the vegetation composition of the understory and Larix abundance in forest region, and the proportion of C3/C4 grass, their biomass and community coverage in grassland region.</p><p>  Thus, this study demonstrates the phytolith reliability to provide new perspectives on palaeovegetation reconstruction in northern temperate regions. Furthermore, this finding acts as a potential reference for exploring the relationship between phytolith and (palaeo)vegetation in other temperate regions.</p><p>(Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41971100,41771214 )</p>