Summary

Abstract As argued in detail in chapter 11, we claim that all clitics are functional heads and that all functional heads have the potential for being clitics. Treating clitics as functional heads explains the ordering and clustering of the various clitic types, handles specific p1ublems in variation and diachronic development, allows for clitic doubling, and extends to NP-internal clitics. Analyzing all clitics as functional heads captures the similarity in ditic behavior between verb-adjacent and second-position clitic languages. In particular, in both types of languages we claim that the clitics head Agr projections. However, how the clitics come to be in these positions differs between the two language types, accounting for observed differences in the surface word order of the clitic cluster. In Sl languages with verb-adjacent clitics (i.e., Bg and Mac), the clitics originate as Agr heads and the verb moves up to them through its extended projection.