A Review of Anticancer Properties and Phytochemicals from Xao tam phan ( Paramignya trimera (Oliv.) Guillaum)

Paramignya trimera ( P. trimera (Oliv.) Guillaum), a Vietnamese plant has showed potential anticancer activities. Extracts from the plant's roots, stems, and leaves have shown cytotoxicity against a variety of cancer cell lines. The mechanisms behind these anticancer actions include triggering apoptosis, blocking cell invasion, and targeting particular signaling pathways. This review has collected data from available literature on P. trimera's anticancer properties and compiled a database of its isolated compounds. Results indicate that P. trimera extracts and specific compounds, such as coumarins and acridones, possess anticancer potential. Particularly, acridones exhibited comparable or superior cytotoxicity against HepG2 and MCF-7 cells (IC 50 values 0.43-1.19 μM and 0.22-0.40 μM, respectively) compared to doxorubicin (IC 50 values 0.28 μM and 1.31 μM). Coumarins like 8-geranylumbelliferone and ostruthin target IKKβ, while paratrimerin W shows cytotoxicity against various cancers. Paratrimerin I exhibit cytotoxicity due to the N-methyl, C-4 methoxy, and C-5 hydroxy groups in the acridone skeleton. However, further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms of action and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of P. trimera-derived compounds in clinical settings. The identification of 146 compounds in P. trimera provides a valuable resource for future drug discovery efforts.